Evaluating vigilance deficits in ADHD: A meta-analysis of CPT performance.
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We meta-analytically review 47 between-groups studies of continuous performance test (CPT) performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a random effects model and correcting for both sampling error and measurement unreliability, we found large effect sizes (δ) for overall performance, but only small to moderate δ for performance over time in the handful of studies that reported that data. Smaller δs for performance over time are likely attributable, in part, to the extensive use of stimuli for which targets and distractors are quite easily differentiated. Artifacts accounted for a considerable proportion of variance among observed δs. Effect sizes reported in previous reviews were significantly attenuated because of the presence of uncorrected artifacts and highlight the necessity of accounting for artifactual variance in future work to determine the amount of true neurocognitive heterogeneity within ADHD. Signal detection theory and diffusion modeling analyses indicated that the ADHD-related deficits were because of decreased perceptual sensitivity (d') and slower drift rates (v). Results are interpreted the context of several recent models of ADHD.
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ADHD is associated with cognitive difficulties relative to typically developing controls, most consistently in executive functions including motor/interference inhibition, working memory, sustained attention, and timing.
“Meta-analyses and systematic reviews have furthermore shown difficulties in children and adults with ADHD relative to those without ADHD in cognitive task performance, most consistently in executive functions, specifically in motor/interference inhibition (4, 5), working memory (WM) (6, 7), sustained attention (8) and timing (9, 10)”
From Differential effects of a single dose of Lisdexamfetamine and Guanfacine on cognitive function in children with ADHD (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
The Summary and Conclusion reports large differences in sustained-attention task performance between school-age children with ADHD and controls. This supports the sustained-attention portion associated with citation (8), but this meta-analysis does not establish that finding for adults; the other cognitive domains have separate citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMeta-analyses report consistent deficits in the domains of response inhibition, vigilance, planning, and working memory in children with ADHD; verbal fluency, inhibition, set-shifting in adults; and interference control and enhanced reaction time variability in both.
“Meta-analyses report consistent deficits in the domains of response inhibition, vigilance, planning, and working memory (Huang-Pollock et al. 2012; Kasper et al. 2012; Willcutt et al. 2005) in children; verbal fluency, inhibition, set-shifting (Boonstra et al. 2005), and focused and sustained attention (Balint et al. 2009) in adults; and interference control and enhanced reaction time variability”
From The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Huang-Pollock et al. 2012
Vigilance, or attentional arousal, has its basis in ascending noradrenergic systems and may be the most long-standing cognitive mediator suggested for ADHD.
“The third is attentional arousal (or vigilance), which is anchored in ascending noradrenergic neural systems7 and closely related to earlier ADHD-related proposals of arousal, activation, and gain efficiency, as well as to components of response-time variability.10 It is perhaps the most enduring cognitive mediator proposed for ADHD.11–13”
From Working Memory and Vigilance as Multivariate Endophenotypes Related to Common Genetic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
The authors' results may further validate the necessity for subgroup splitting.
“As several studies have confirmed the variability of performance of ADHD participants on inhibitory tasks (Huang-Pollock et al., 2012; Karalunas et al., 2012; Mulder et al., 2010), our results may further validate the necessity for subgroup splitting.”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Huang-Pollock et al., 2012
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Huang-Pollock C Karalunas S Tam H Moore A A latent variable analysis of the cause of working memory impairments in ADHD: The role of processing speed and central executive capacity 2012 Manuscript under review
- Karalunas K Huang-Pollock C Integrating evidence of slow RTs and impaired executive functions using a diffusion model framework 2012 Manuscript under review
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“In addition, diffusion model parameters were estimated from the trial-by-trial RT time series using the Fast-dm modeling technique and the downloadable program from the author’s website (Voss and Voss 2007), and as previously published (Huang-Pollock et al. 2012; Karalunas and Huang-Pollock 2013).”
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- Authors
- Huang-Pollock, C. L., Karalunas, S. L., Tam, H., & Moore, A. N.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- Karalunas, Sarah L.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 360-371
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3664643
- OpenAlex
- W1996670380
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2012-05-21)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Mental Health (R01 MH 084947, F31 MH086206)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, continuous performance test, sustained attention, children, signal detection theory, diffusion modeling, perceptual sensitivity, drift rate, measurement artifacts
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sample Size
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