Psychiatric Comorbidity and Functioning in Clinically Referred Preschool Children and School-Age Youths With ADHD
Abstract
Objective Although the literature documents that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly onsets prior to age 6, little is known about the disorder in preschool children. We evaluated the clinical characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, and functioning of preschool children and school-age youths with ADHD referred to a pediatric psychiatric clinic for evaluation. Method Structured psychiatric interviews assessing lifetime psychopathology by DSM-III-R criteria were completed with parents about their children. Family, social, and overall functioning were also assessed at intake. Results We identified 165 children with ADHD aged 4 to 6 years (preschool children) and 381 youths aged 7 to 9 years (school-age) with ADHD. Despite being younger, preschool children had similar rates of comorbid psychopathology compared with school-age youths with ADHD. There was an earlier onset of ADHD and co-occurring psychopathology in the preschool children compared to school-age youths. Both preschool children and school-age youths had substantial impairment in school, social, and overall functioning. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that despite being significantly younger, clinically referred preschool children with ADHD are reminiscent of school-age youths with ADHD in the quality of ADHD, high rates of comorbid psychopathology, and impaired functioning. Follow-up of these clinically referred preschool children with ADHD to evaluate the stability of their diagnoses, treatment response, and their long-term outcome are necessary.
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Comorbidity is the norm rather than the exception for children with ADHD.
“To improve generalizability given that comorbidity is the norm rather than the exception for children with ADHD (95), these children were retained in the sample.”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
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- Authors
- WILENS, T. E., BIEDERMAN, J., BROWN, S., TANGUAY, S., MONUTEAUX, M. C., BLAKE, C., & SPENCER, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- WILENS, TIMOTHY E.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 262-268
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015227012
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 7.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD comorbidity, preschool children, elementary school students, psychiatric comorbidity, functioning, social functioning, school functioning
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Referral and Consultation, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Prevalence
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