The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
CANALIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS
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“This robustness (compatibility with a larger set of environmental conditions) can be a target of evolution, as argued by Waddington and others [36–38].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“We frame this issue using the concept of developmental canalization88, whereby natural selection on developmental programmes in humans has led to robustness in a range of genetic or environmental perturbations89,90: typical development occurs along a ‘track’ (FIG. 1c).”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“In addition, most studies recruit survivors of the original birth cohorts. This means all participants must have survived in order to observe whether they get the outcome of interest. Selection of participants on surviving their genetic make-up and the outcome of interest or a competing risk of the outcome effectively applies covariable adjustment on survival into the estimates.173–175”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [175]
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“This assignment creates an epigenetic landscape (in the sense of Waddington [143] — arising not from single genes but the interaction of many).”
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Negative feedback confers mutational robustness in yeast transcription factor regulation
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“Since the seminal work of Waddington (1), biologists have remarked on the stability of phenotypes against environmental and genetic variation, and understanding how organisms achieve robustness remains one of the major challenges in systems biology (2–4).”
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The Coevolutionary Roots of Biochemistry and Cellular Organization Challenge the RNA World Paradigm
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“Canalization, the powerful and important concept introduced by Conrad H. Waddington, describes the robustness of an epigenetic landscape and explains evolutionary and environmental constraints acting on molecules, cells and organisms [Waddington, 1942].”
BackgroundEpigenetic epistatic interactions constrain the evolution of gene expression
Park, S., & Lehner, B. (2013) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2013.2 · Cited by 49
Schmitt, L. H., Kitchener, D. J., & How, R. A. (1995) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02272.x · Cited by 50
How to Shift Bias: Lessons from the Baldwin Effect
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“HE existence of genes that can constrain, or canalize, a biological system to particular choices was originally proposed by Waddington in 1942 [ 1 ].”
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ASYMMETRY IN STRUCTURAL DEFENSES: INSIGHTS INTO SELECTIVE PREDATION IN THE WILD
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THE BRANCHING CORAL STYLOPHORA PISTILLATA: CONTRIBUTION OF GENETICS IN SHAPING COLONY LANDSCAPE
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Networks and Hierarchies: Approaching Complexity in Evolutionary Theory
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Widespread Genomic Incompatibilities inCaenorhabditis elegans
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“Worms were considered to have died if they were not moving and failed to respond to touch.”
BackgroundJaeger, J., & Crombach, A. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3567-9_5 · Cited by 47
Silencing of Transposable Elements by piRNAs in Drosophila : An Evolutionary Perspective
Luo, S., & Lü, J. (2017) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2017.01.006 · Cited by 51
“‘‘Canalization” was coined by Waddington to describe the ability that organisms evolve to stabilize the phenotypes against genetic and environmental perturbations [171].”
BackgroundBody size and wing asymmetry in bees along an urbanization gradient
Banaszak‐Cibicka, W., Fliszkiewicz, M., Łangowska, A., & Żmihorski, M. (2017) · Apidologie · doi:10.1007/s13592-017-0554-y · Cited by 49
“FA is a measure of the genome’s ability to successfully buffer development to achieve a normal phenotype under stressful environmental conditions (Waddington 1942).”
BackgroundOrgan geometry channels reproductive cell fate in the Arabidopsis ovule primordium
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Divergence of CpG island promoters: A consequence or cause of evolution?
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Canalization and Control in Automata Networks: Body Segmentation in Drosophila melanogaster
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“The notion of canalization was proposed by Conrad Waddington [1] to explain why, under genetic and environmental perturbations, a wild-type phenotype is less variable in appearance than most mutant phenotypes during development.”
BackgroundA piece of the pi(e): The diverse roles of animal piRNAs and their PIWI partners
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“Future prospects Although studies on the genetic heterogeneity of environmental variance date as far back as 1942 [57], selection experiments to improve uniformity in livestock are scarce.”
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Epigenetic regulation of male fate commitment from an initially bipotential system
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“These changes maintain cell-type-specific gene expression patterns that channel the cell along certain pathways while eliminating other possible pathways the cell might take (Waddington, 1940, Waddington, 1942, Waddington, 1956).”
Coevolution of robustness, epistasis, and recombination favors asexual reproduction
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An Evolutionary Ecological Approach to the Study of Learning Behavior Using a Robot-Based Model
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Gene–Environment Correlation as a Source of Stability and Diversity in Development
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Fluctuation and response in biology
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“Waddington correctly predicted the observed reduction in variability over 60 yr ago (Waddington, 1942) and his prediction was based on the fact that phenotypic variability in mutants was greater than in wild type.”
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Canalization by Selection of de Novo Induced Mutations
Fanti, L., Piacentini, L., Cappucci, U., Casale, A. M., & Pimpinelli, S. (2017) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.117.201079 · Cited by 51
“KEYWORDS Drosophila; assimilation; canalization; heat shock; transposons THE “canalization and assimilation” concepts were elabo-rated by Conrad Waddington (Waddington 1942; 1953; 1959) to offer a Darwinian explanation (Darwin 1859) for a striking case of the apparent inheritance of acquired characters in Drosophila.”
BackgroundSentis, A., Bertram, R., Dardenne, N., Ramon‐Portugal, F., Espinasse, G., Louit, I., Negri, L., Haeler, E., Ashkar, T., Pannetier, T., et al. (2018) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/s41437-018-0108-8 · Cited by 49
DNA Methylation Patterning and the Regulation of Beta Cell Homeostasis
Parveen, N., & Dhawan, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.651258 · Cited by 48
“Waddington in 1942 to describe the influence exerted by the environment on the genome towards shaping the cellular phenotype during development (2).”
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Willmore, K. E., Zelditch, M. L., Young, N. M., Ah-Seng, A. C., Lozanoff, S., & Hallgrímsson, B. (2006) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00527.x · Cited by 47
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Beyond “Use It or Lose It”: The Impact of Engagement on Cognitive Aging
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Mechanisms and Evolution of Environmental Responses in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Regulation of apomixis: learning from sexual experience
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Developmental adaptation: Where we go from here
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“Waddington (1942) introduced the term epigenetics to describe the causal interactions between genes and envi- ronmental events, which influence the phenotype expression.”
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Epigenetic‐induced alterations in sex‐ratios in response to climate change: An epigenetic trap?
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Substitutions Are Boring: Some Arguments about Parallel Mutations and High Mutation Rates
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Networked buffering: a basic mechanism for distributed robustness in complex adaptive systems
Whitacre, J. M., & Bender, A. (2010) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 46
Graham, J. H. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13071204 · Cited by 52
“Mather, however, was unfamiliar with Astaurov, Ludwig, and Wright, and based most of his ideas on Waddington [47] and Timofeeff-Ressovsky [45], a close friend of Astaurov’s.”
BackgroundInfluentialModularity in Evolution: Some Low-Level Questions
Altenberg, L. (2005) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4734.003.0012 · Cited by 46
An experimental exploration of Waddington’s epigenetic landscape
Buss, L. W., & Blackstone, N. W. (1991) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0032 · Cited by 46
Cheung, D., Miles, C. M., Kreitman, M., & Ma, J. (2013) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.098640 · Cited by 45
“It advances our understanding of how a robust ‘end result’ of patterning, or canalization (Waddington, 1942), can be achieved in molecular terms.”
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“La estabilidad del desarrollo (ED) se define como la capacidad de un organismo para producir un fenotipo predeterminado por un diseño corporal adaptativo, bajo un conjunto de condiciones genéticas y ambientales específicas (Waddington, 1942).”
BackgroundGenetic heterogeneity of within-family variance of body weight in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Sonesson, A. K., Ødegård, J., & Rönnegård, L. (2013) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/1297-9686-45-41 · Cited by 45
“The latter is consistent with the concept of canalization, which leads to genetic heterogeneity of variance due to varying sensitivities to potentially both environmental and genetic perturbations [1].”
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Primate census and survey techniques
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Epigenetic drugs and their molecular targets in testicular germ cell tumours
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“2011), while different genotypes often produce the same phenotype due to the robustness of development (Waddington 1942, 1957; Schmalhausen 1949; Kitano 2004; Wagner 2005, 2011; Masel and Siegal 2009).”
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Taurodontism: An anomaly of teeth reflecting disruptive developmental homeostasis
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“We now have been able to investigate this, for the first time, by taking in vivo measures of each cell’s high-throughput tran- scriptional state in several hundred neurons taken from a single nucleus.”
Backgroundα-Synuclein and Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation
Surguchov, A. P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010150 · Cited by 49
“Conrad Waddington [7] proposed the term ‘Epigenetic’ to define the unclear and ambiguous association between genetic information and phenotypic traits.”
BackgroundWhat's all the noise about developmental stochasticity?
Oates, A. C. (2011) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.059923 · Cited by 44
“Canalization is a term that was coined by C. H. Waddington to describe biological robustness (Waddington, 1942), i.e. the ability of a population to develop the same phenotype despite variation in environment or genotype.”
BackgroundCould microRNAs contribute to the maintenance of β cell identity?
Kaspi, H., Pasvolsky, R., & Hornstein, E. (2014) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2014.01.003 · Cited by 45
Developmental plasticity in fish exposed to a water velocity gradient: a complex response
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Tracking of gross motor coordination in Portuguese children
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“The idea of “canalisation” was first proposed by Waddington (1942, 1957) in the biological context to describe developmental pathways and mechanisms against influences or environmental perturbations during development.”
BackgroundBoonekamp, J. J., Mulder, E., & Verhulst, S. (2018) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12953 · Cited by 41
“This hypothesis was originally formulated with an emphasis on robustness with respect to genetic variation, but is equally applicable to robustness with respect to environmental variation (Waddington 1942; Stearns et al. 1995; Meiklejohn & Hartl 2002; Flatt 2005; Boonekamp et al. 2017; Vedder et al. 2017).”
BackgroundEcological Psychology and Enactivism: Perceptually-Guided Action vs. Sensation-Based Enaction1
Read, C., & Szokolszky, Á. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01270 · Cited by 56
“A few influential biologists have kept arguing, however, for the importance of the organism as a whole (e.g., Waddington, 1942, 1957; Goodwin, 1982; Webster and Goodwin, 1996; Lewontin, 2002).”
BackgroundA single-nucleotide change underlies the genetic assimilation of a plastic trait
Vigne, P., Gimond, C., Ferrari, C., Vielle, A., Hallin, J., Pino-Querido, A., Mouridi, S. E., Mignerot, L., Frøkjær‐Jensen, C., Boulin, T., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd9941 · Cited by 39
“…of plasticity, leading to fixation of one of several alternative phenotypes, occurs through gradual canalizing selection on environmentally-released cryptic genetic variation (Loison, 2019; Suzuki and Nijhout, 2006; Waddington, 1942, 1959) or through different mechanisms, such as de novo mutations.”
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Developmental mechanisms: putting genes in their place
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Lolium temulentum L., a Long-day Plant requiring only One Inductive Photocycle
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PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF SAWFLY LARVAE
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Competence to thrive: resilience as an indicator of positive health and positive welfare in animals
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“When natural selection acts on genetic variants affecting the trait in the same direction as environmentally induced plasticity it might become genetically determined and canalized in a process known as genetic assimilation (Waddington 1942, 1953; Pigliucci and Murren 2 0 8 6 C© 2014 The Author(s).”
BackgroundFormoso‐Rafferty, N., Cervantes, I., Ibáñez‐Escriche, N., & Gutiérrez, J. P. (2015) · Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics · doi:10.1111/jbg.12174 · Cited by 43
Schmidt, K., & Starck, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution · doi:10.1002/jez.b.21320 · Cited by 43
Huerta‐Sánchez, E., & Durrett, R. (2006) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.10.006 · Cited by 42
Li, Z., Lu, Y., Xu, X., & Gao, F. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds420 · Cited by 45
“During development, complex molecular interactions ensure the precision and reproducibility of patterning events, despite stochastic genetic and environmental fluctuations, a process called canalization (6).”
Backgroundvan IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Pannebakker, F. D., & Out, D. (2010) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240903528535 · Cited by 45
“Waddington [ 1942 ]) of moral behaviour might also create ‘the banality of altruism’.”
BackgroundA framework for the study of behavior
Hogan, J. A. (2014) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.05.003 · Cited by 42
Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle
Allf, B., Durst, P. A. P., & Pfennig, D. W. (2016) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/688017 · Cited by 43
Regulation of Gene Expression and Pain States by Epigenetic Mechanisms
Géranton, S. M., & Tochiki, K. K. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.012 · Cited by 44
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ON EGG SIZE PERTURBS EARLY PATTERN FORMATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Miles, C. M., Lott, S. E., Hendriks, C. L. L., Ludwig, M. Z., Manu, Williams, C., & Kreitman, M. (2010) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01088.x · Cited by 43
Hsp90 canalizes developmental perturbation
Samakovli, D., Thanou, A., Valmas, C., & Hatzopoulos, P. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erm191 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- WADDINGTON, C. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- WADDINGTON, C. H.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1942-11
- Volume
- 150
- Issue
- 3811
- Pages
- 563-565
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2094902224
- Cited by
- 3,255
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 168 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 149 · 2015: 192 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- inheritance of acquired characteristics, Lamarckism, use and disuse, natural selection, random mutation, gene-environment interaction, adaptive evolution, heritable variation
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