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CANALIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS
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“This robustness (compatibility with a larger set of environmental conditions) can be a target of evolution, as argued by Waddington and others [36–38].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“We frame this issue using the concept of developmental canalization88, whereby natural selection on developmental programmes in humans has led to robustness in a range of genetic or environmental perturbations89,90: typical development occurs along a ‘track’ (FIG. 1c).”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“In addition, most studies recruit survivors of the original birth cohorts. This means all participants must have survived in order to observe whether they get the outcome of interest. Selection of participants on surviving their genetic make-up and the outcome of interest or a competing risk of the outcome effectively applies covariable adjustment on survival into the estimates.173–175”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [175]
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Metadata
- Authors
- WADDINGTON, C. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- WADDINGTON, C. H.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1942-11
- Volume
- 150
- Issue
- 3811
- Pages
- 563-565
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2094902224
- Cited by
- 3,255
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 168 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 149 · 2015: 192 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- inheritance of acquired characteristics, Lamarckism, use and disuse, natural selection, random mutation, gene-environment interaction, adaptive evolution, heritable variation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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