Cited by 3,255Evolution and Genetic DynamicsPhilosophy of Biology and Scientific ExplanationLanguage and cultural evolution

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CANALIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS

WADDINGTON, C. H.·1942·Nature

DOI 10.1038/150563a0

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The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
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Background
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“2019;57:e23263. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dvg © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1 of 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/dvg.23263 (sensu Waddington (Waddington, 1942)), such as environmental factors, which may account for much of the remaining variation that is “missing” from association studies (Bossdorf, Richards, & Pigli…”
BackgroundInfluential
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BackgroundInfluential
Plant gene expression control using genome- and epigenome-editing technologies
Miglani, G. S., Kaur, A., & Kaur, L. (2019) · Journal of Crop Improvement · doi:10.1080/15427528.2019.1678541 · Cited by 33
“The term epigenetics was coined by Waddington (1942) to define mitotically and/or meiotically heritable yet reversible changes in gene expression.”
Background
Dynamic Buffering of Extracellular Chemokine by a Dedicated Scavenger Pathway Enables Robust Adaptation during Directed Tissue Migration
Wong, M., Newton, L. R., Hartmann, J., Hennrich, M. L., Wachsmuth, M., Ronchi, P., Guzmán‐Herrera, A., Schwab, Y., Gavin, A., & Gilmour, D. T. (2020) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.013 · Cited by 32
Gene expression plasticity and desert adaptation in house mice*
Bittner, N. K. J., Mack, K. L., & Nachman, M. W. (2021) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14172 · Cited by 32
“Adaptive plasticity can be followed by genetic changes as populations become established, in a process called “genetic assimilation” or the “Baldwin Effect” (Waddington 1942, 1952, 1953; Simpson 1953; Robinson and Dukas 1999; Price et al. 2003).”
Can the battle against tuberculosis gain from epigenetic research?
Esterhuyse, M. M., Linhart, H., & Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2012) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2012.03.002 · Cited by 32
Getting the Measure of Positional Information
Jaeger, J., & Martínez-Arias, A. (2009) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000081 · Cited by 32
“Waddington in 1942 that developmental trajectories are buffered against perturbations, a phenomenon he called canalization [31].”
Background
Developmental instability: measures of resistance and resilience using pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Freeman, D. C., Brown, M. L., DOBSON, M., JORDAN, Y., Kizy, A. E., Micallef, C., Hancock, L. C., Graham, J. H., & Emlen, J. M. (2003) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00123.x · Cited by 32
Canalization Breakdown and Evolution in a Source-Sink System
Kimbrell, T., & Holt, R. D. (2007) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/511314 · Cited by 32
The relationship between the error catastrophe, survival of the flattest, and natural selection
Tejero, H., Marín, A., & Montero, F. (2011) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-2 · Cited by 33
“For the sake of clarity, canalization is considered to be the existence of different genotypes that produce the same phenotype [56], and neutrality to be the existence of different phenotypes with the same fitness [57].”
Background
Updating the Baldwin effect
Burman, J. T. (2012) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2012.07.003 · Cited by 32
Genes involved in complex adaptive processes tend to have highly conserved upstream regions in mammalian genomes
Lee, S., Kohane, I. S., & Kasif, S. (2005) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-6-168 · Cited by 32
The field of cancer research: an indicator of present transformations in biology
Morange, M. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210583 · Cited by 30
Lack of tailless leads to an increase in expression variability in Drosophila embryos
Janssens, H., Crombach, A., Wotton, K. R., Cicin-Sain, D., Surkova, S. Y., Lim, C. L., Samsonova, M. G., Akam, M. E., & Jaeger, J. (2013) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.010 · Cited by 32
Relationship among phenotypic plasticity, phenotypic fluctuations, robustness, and evolvability; Waddington’s legacy revisited under the spirit of Einstein
Kaneko, K. (2009) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-009-0072-9 · Cited by 32
Learning regulatory models for cell development from single cell transcriptomic data
Babtie, A. C., Chan, T. E., & Stumpf, M. P. H. (2017) · Current Opinion in Systems Biology · doi:10.1016/j.coisb.2017.07.013 · Cited by 32
A Nonquiescent “Idling” Population State in Drug-Treated, BRAF-Mutated Melanoma
Paudel, B. B., Harris, L. A., Hardeman, K. N., Abugable, A. A., Hayford, C. E., Tyson, D. R., & Quaranta, V. (2018) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2018.01.016 · Cited by 31
“The idea dates back to Waddington (28), who posited that cellular differentiation can be conceptualized as a dynamical trajectory through an ‘‘epigenetic landscape.”
Background
Transgenerational Plasticity and Bet-Hedging: A Framework for Reaction Norm Evolution
Joschinski, J., & Bonte, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.517183 · Cited by 34
“Plasticity has a long history of being related to reaction norm shapes (Woltereck, 1913; Bradshaw, 1965), but diversified bet-hedging is not as easily visualized, nor is the relationship with plasticity entirely clear.”
Background
Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: a historian's perspective
Loison, L. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0120 · Cited by 31
“304]), the tense context of Lysenkoism and Waddington’s new research program [54,55], Simpson thought it necessary to bring clarity in this debated and complex issue, where so many terms were used more or less as synonyms (‘organic selection’, ‘coincident selection’, ‘post-adaptation’, ‘stabilizing selection’, etc.”
Background
Botrytis cinerea Loss and Restoration of Virulence during In Vitro Culture Follows Flux in Global DNA Methylation
Breen, J., Mur, L. A. J., Sivakumaran, A., Akinyemi, A., Wilkinson, M. J., & Lopez, C. M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063034 · Cited by 31
“Waddington [13] first proposed the term epigenotype to describe the interface between genotype and phenotype.”
Background
Macroevolutionary patterns of body plan canalization in euarthropods
Aria, C. (2020) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2020.36 · Cited by 28
“Canalization (Waddington 1942) is a fundamental concept in this context.”
Background
Emerging epigenetic therapeutics for myeloid leukemia: modulating demethylase activity with ascorbate
Das, A. B., Smith-Díaz, C. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2020) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2020.259283 · Cited by 25
DNA Methylation Levels in Different Tissues in Tea Plant via an Optimized HPLC Method
Gao, Y., Hao, J.-L., Wang, Z., Song, K.-J., Ye, J.-H., Zheng, X.-Q., Liang, Y.-R., & Lu, J.-L. (2019) · Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s13580-019-00180-2 · Cited by 20
“Epigenetics was first proposed by the famous biologist Waddington in 1942, and defined as “hereditary and environmental interaction leads to the emergence of the phenotype” (Waddington 1942).”
Background

Authors: WADDINGTON, C. H.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: WADDINGTON, C. H.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1942-11
Volume: 150
Issue: 3811
Pages: 563-565
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/150563a0
OpenAlex: W2094902224
Cited by: 3,255
References: 14
Citations by year: 2026: 111 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 168 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 149 · 2015: 192 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
FWCI: 1.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
Keywords: inheritance of acquired characteristics, Lamarckism, use and disuse, natural selection, random mutation, gene-environment interaction, adaptive evolution, heritable variation

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