The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world

Carr, B. J.; Rees, M. J.

doi:10.1038/278605a0

Cited by 438Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesAdvanced Mathematical Theories and ApplicationsSpace Science and Extraterrestrial Life

The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world

Carr, B. J., Rees, M. J.·1979·Nature

DOI 10.1038/278605a0

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Very small changes in the laws, parameters and initial conditions of physics would result in a universe unable to evolve and support intelligent life.
“Beginning with the classic papers of Carter (1974) and Carr & Rees (1979), and the extensive discussion of Barrow & Tipler (1986), a number of authors have noticed that very small changes in the laws, parameters and initial conditions of physics would result in a universe unable to evolve and support intelligent life.”
From The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life (2012) · cites this paper as Carr & Rees (1979)

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Constraints on alternate universes: stars and habitable planets with different fundamental constants
Adams, F. C. (2016) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/02/042 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Authors: Carr, B. J., & Rees, M. J.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
University of Cambridge (GB)
ORCID: Carr, B. J.
Rees, M. J.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1979-04
Volume: 278
Issue: 5705
Pages: 605-612
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/278605a0
OpenAlex: W2005379655
Cited by: 438
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 6.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
Keywords: anthropic principle, fine-tuning, physical constants, coincidence problem, galaxy structure, star formation, planetary systems, gravity effects, evolution of life

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