Helpers’in Fox Society
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Greater sociality in females may increase viral transmission opportunities.
“Whilst other studies looking at sex differences and immunity suggest that females typically display stronger immune responses and reduced pathogen load compared to males (Klein 2000), greater sociality in females (Macdonald 1979, 1983) may increase viral transmission opportunities.”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Macdonald 1979
Cites
The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 · Cited by 15,725 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The adaptive value of sociality in mammalian groups
Silk, J. B. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1994 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
“Although red fox (Vulpes vulpes) are primarily solitary, they sometimes form pairs or larger groups (Macdonald 1979; Zabel & Taggart 1989; Baker et al. 1998, 2004).”
BackgroundCooperative Breeding and Human Cognitive Evolution
Burkart, J. M., Hrdy, S. B., & Van Schaik, C. P. (2009) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20222 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Intraspecific Variation in the Social Systems of Wild Vertebrates
Lott, D. F. (1984) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853984x00353 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
The Mating Tactics and Spacing Patterns of Solitary Carnivores
Sandell, M. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_7 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Natal Philopatry Among Solitary Mammals
Waser, P. M., & Jones, W. T. (1983) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/413385 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Predation, group size and mortality in a cooperative mongoose, Suricata suricatta.
Clutton-Brock, T., Gaynor, D., Mcilrath, G., MacColl, A., Kansky, R., Chadwick, P., Manser, M., Skinner, J., & Brotherton, P. (1999) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00317.x · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Social organization of the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta. II. Dominance and reproduction
Frank, L. (1986) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80221-4 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
“In some species, alpha animals of each sex are apparently able to suppress reproduction in other group members (wolves: Zimen 1976; Packard et al. 1983; red foxes, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979; wild dogs: Frame et al. 1979; dwarf mongooses: Rasa 1973; Rood 1980).”
BackgroundA comparative analysis of non-offspring nursing
Packer, C., Lewis, S., & Pusey, A. (1992) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80222-2 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Taborsky, M., & Limberger, D. (1981) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00300826 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding in primates?
Burkart, J. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0263-7 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Adoption has also been recorded in red foxes, Vulpes vulpes (Macdonald 1979).”
The Evolution of Helping. II. The Role of Behavioral Conflict
Emlen, S. (1982) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/283889 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Intra-sex and inter-sex sibling interactions as sex ratio determinants
Taylor, P. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/291064a0 · Cited by 208
Amrein, I., Isler, K., & Lipp, H. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07804.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Subordinate individuals of cooperative breeding species such as marmosets, foxes, meerkats and wolves may not reproduce for years after becoming sexually mature (Macdonald, 1979; Digby, 1995; Burkart et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAllomaternal care, life history and brain size evolution in mammals
Isler, K., & van Schaik, C. P. (2012) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.009 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Group size, survival, reproduction, and routes to breeding in dwarf mongooses
Rood, J. P. (1990) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80423-3 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Sociality, Group Size, and Reproductive, Suppression among Carnivores
Creel, S., & Macdonald, D. W. (1995) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60395-2 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationDrifting territoriality in the red fox Vulpes vulpes
Doncaster, C. P., & Macdonald, D. (1991) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5288 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“A likely outcome would be disruption of social mechanisms which in the suburban population prevent sub ordinate vixens from breeding (Macdonald 1979), hence the small proportion of city vixens found to be barren.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDen Site Can Determine Shape and Size of Badger Territories: Implications for Group-Living
Doncaster, C. P., & Woodroffe, R. (1993) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545199 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Size, Life-History Traits, and Social Organization in the Canidae: A Reevaluation
Geffen, E., Gompper, M., Gittleman, J., Luh, H., Macdonald, D., & Wayne, R. (1996) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285844 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite, P. C. L., & Harris, S. (1994) · The Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5550 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Role of rabies in recent demographic changes in Red Fox <i>(Vulpes vulpes) </i>populations in Europe
CHAUTAN, M., PONTIER, D., & ARTOIS, M. (2000) · mamm · doi:10.1515/mamm.2000.64.4.391 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Intraspecific Variation in Canid Social Systems
Moehlman, P. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_6 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Summer food composition and food niche overlap of the raccoon dog, red fox and badger in Finland
Kauhala, K., Laukkanen, P., & von Rége, I. (1998) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00436.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Canid Reproductive Biology: an Integration of Proximate Mechanisms and Ultimate Causes'
Asa, C. (1998) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/38.1.251 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“The occasional occurrence of polygyny in areas of overlapping female red fox (Vulpes vulpes) territories and very dense prey {e.g., Zabel and Taggart, 1989; Macdonald, 1979 ), suggests that monogamy is less important to the female than is paternal care.”
BackgroundPolygynandry in a red fox population: implications for the evolution of group living in canids?
Baker, P., Funk, S., Bruford, M., & Harris, S. (2004) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arh077 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Generally, fox groups are thought to be extended families, with subordinates being the philopatric offspring of one or both of the dominant breeding pair (Baker et al., 1998; Macdonald, 1979; von Schantz, 1984; but see Zabel, 1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialAgonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) in relation to season, sex and age
Pal, S. K., Ghosh, B., & Roy, S. (1998) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00108-7 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Cooperation, Altruism, and Restraint in the Reproduction of Carnivores
Macdonald, D., & Moehlman, P. (1982) · Perspectives in ethology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7578-8_10 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationMacdonald, D., & Courtenay, O. (1996) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05454.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential fitness benefits of group living in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes.
Baker, P., Robertson, C. P. J., Funk, S., & Harris, S. (1998) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0950 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Helping behaviour in brown hyenas
Owens, D., & Owens, M. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/308843a0 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
11 – Cooperation and Reproductive Competition among Female African Elephants
Dublin, H. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-735950-2.50016-5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Female Promiscuity and Male Reproductive Success in Social Birds and Mammals
Stacey, P. (1982) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/283969 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Restoring apex predators can reduce mesopredator abundances
Jímenez, J., Nuñez-Arjona, J. C., Mougeot, F., Ferreras, P., González, L. M., García‐Dominguez, F., Múñoz‐Igualada, J., Palacios, M. J., Pla, S., Rueda, C., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108234 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Foxes form family groups consisting of the male and/or female with young (Cavallini, 1996; Macdonald, 1979).”
BackgroundEcology of wildlife rabies in Europe
Holmala, K., & Kauhala, K. (2006) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00078.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Helpers provide no detectable benefits in the European badger (Meles meles)
Woodroffe, R., & Macdonald, D. (2000) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00582.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of fertility control on a population's productivity
Caughley, G., Pech, R., & Grice, D. (1992) · doi:10.1071/wr9920623 · Cited by 87
Play and Energy Regulation in Mammals
Barber, N. (1991) · The Quarterly review of biology · doi:10.1086/417142 · Cited by 85
Pack size and wolf pup survival: their relationship under varying ecological conditions
Harrington, F., Mech, L., & Fritts, S. H. (1983) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00295072 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Auxiliaries occur in a number of canids including blackbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas, C. aureus), coyotes (C. latrans), wolves (C. lupus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), dholes (Cuon alpinus), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (Murie 1944; Ryden 1975; Camenzind 1978; Macdona…”
BackgroundMarks, C. A., & Bloomfield, T. E. (1999) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr98059 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Spatial organization and monogamy in the mara Dolichotis patagonum
Taber, A., & Macdonald, D. (1992) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04404.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationFemale cooperation, male competition, and dispersal in the red fox Vulpes vulpes
von Schantz, T., & von Schantz, T. (1981) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3544073 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The mechanism underlying the abortion or the desertion of the beta-females' cubs is unknown, but Macdonald's (1979) study on captive foxes indicates that it might be caused by social interactions with the”
Background'Non-breeders' in the red fox Vulpes vulpes: a case of resource surplus
von Schantz, T. (1984) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3544609 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dispersal patterns of red foxes relative to population density
Allen, S. H., & Sargeant, A. B. (1993) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3809277 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Multiple breeding strategies in the swift fox, Vulpes velox
Kitchen, A. M., Gese, E., Waits, L., Karki, S. M., & Schauster, E. R. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.06.015 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“red foxes, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979; bat-eared foxes, Otocyon megalotis: Pauw 2000).”
Iossa, G., Soulsbury, C., Baker, P., & Harris, S. (2008) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Subordinates were not thought to reproduce (Hartley et al. 1994; Macdonald 1979) although, in years of high resource availability, they may rear their own cubs successfully, indicating a switch from social monogamy to social polygyny (von Schantz 1984b; Zabel and Taggart 1989).”
BackgroundSpacing strategies, kin selection, and population regulation in altricial vertebrates
von Schantz, T. (1984) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3544608 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Behavioral changes associated with a population density decline in the facultatively social red fox
Iossa, G., Soulsbury, C., Baker, P., Edwards, K., & Harris, S. (2009) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arn149 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Early models of fox social organization (Macdonald 1979, 1980; von Schantz 1981, 1984a, 1984b; Lindström 1988, 1989) proposed that groups consisted of a dominant breeding pair and one or more subordinate animals, typically nondispersing female offspring from previous years: such philopatric…”
BackgroundFitness costs of dispersal in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
Soulsbury, C., Baker, P., Iossa, G., & Harris, S. (2008) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-008-0557-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Under some ecological conditions, red foxes form social groups consisting of a dominant breeding pair and (primarily) non-dispersing offspring ( Macdonald 1979b; von Schantz 1981; Voigt and Macdonald 1984; Baker et al. 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialBiben, M. (1983) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80238-3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Although some canids previously considered typically solitary have recently been shown to associate in family groups (red fox, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979) or even packs (coyotes, Canis latrans: Camenzind 1978; Bekoff & Wells 1980), no such evidence exists for Chrysoeyon.”
BackgroundFox society, contact rate and rabies epizootiology.
Macdonald, D., & Bacon, P. (1982) · Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/0147-9571(82)90045-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationSmall size and monogamy: spatial organization of Blanford's foxes, Vulpes cana
Geffen, E., & Macdonald, D. (1992) · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80324-0 · Cited by 57
Self-citationMarshall‐Pescini, S., & Kaminski, J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407818-5.00001-2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Related spotted hyaenas forage together but do not cooperate in rearing young
Mills, M. G. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/316061a0 · Cited by 56
Human Social Evolution: Self-Domestication or Self-Control?
Shilton, D., Breski, M., Dor, D., & Jablonka, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00134 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Wright, H. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.043 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…that the presence of nonbreeding helpers, which perform similar ‘parental’ duties as fathers, enhances offspring survival (red foxes, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979; black-backed jackals: Moehlman 1979; although these studies do not account for the potentially confounding effects of territory…”
BackgroundSocial organization and movement patterns of Black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas in South Africa*
Ferguson, J. H., Nel, J., & de Wet, M. (2010) · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05101.x · Cited by 50
A spatial analysis of a population of red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) in the Dutch coastal dune area
Dekker, J., Stein, A., & HEITKÖNIG, I. M. A. (2001) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836901001583 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Studies in the past have mainly focused on home-range size (see Cavallini, 1996, for a review), social behaviour (e.g. Macdonald, 1979 ) and dispersal (e.g.”
BackgroundMonogamy: Cause, Consequence, or Corollary of Success in Wild Canids?
Macdonald, D., Campbell, L. A. D., Kamler, J., Marino, J., Werhahn, G., & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00341 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…toward samesex individuals attempting to breed (e.g., gray wolf, Rabb et al., 1967; Derix et al., 1993; African wild dog: Malcolm, 1979; red fox: Macdonald, 1979a) and infanticide, either by directly killing subordinates’ pups (African wild dog: van Lawick, 1973; dingo [C. familiaris dingo]:…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRed fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes
Campbell, S. J., Ashley, W., Gil-Fernandez, M., Newsome, T. M., Di Giallonardo, F., Ortiz-Baez, A. S., Mahar, J. E., Towerton, A. L., Gillings, M., Holmes, E. C., et al. (2020) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veaa065 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Urban fox family group sizes are often larger than rural ones, as juvenile females may forego dispersal to assist with cub rearing (Macdonald 1979, 1983; Marks and Bloomfield 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialAmrein, I., & Slomianka, L. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.075 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hewson, R. (1986) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2404034 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Diet composition of the golden jackal and the sympatric red fox in an agricultural area (Hungary)
Lanszki, J., Kurys, A., Szabó, L., Nagyapáti, N., Porter, L. B., & Heltai, M. (2016) · Folia zoologica (Brno) · doi:10.25225/fozo.v65.i4.a3.2016 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dynamics of spatial relationships among members of a fox group (Vulpes vulpes: Mammalia: Carnivora)
Poulle, M., Artois, M., & Roeder, J. (1994) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05264.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Malcolm, J. (1985) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/25.3.853 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“a pen (Macdonald, 1979) males provided twice as much food to the pups as the mother.”
BackgroundHenry, C., Poulle, M.-L., & Roeder, J.-J. (2005) · Écoscience · doi:10.2980/i1195-6860-12-2-202.1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“This proportion seems to be linked with social organization, as in red fox populations living in groups only one or two females per group are described as reproductive (Macdonald, 1979; von Schantz, 1981).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVariation in mating system and group structure in two populations of swift foxes, Vulpes velox
Kamler, J., Ballard, W., Lemons, P., & Mote, K. (2004) · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.07.017 · Cited by 40
“Among canids, communal denning of two breeding females was also reported for the closely related kit foxes, Vulpes macrotis (Egoscue 1962), and red foxes (Macdonald 1979b; Zabel & Taggart 1989), as well as bat-eared foxes, Otocyon megalotis (Nel et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialHovland, A., Mason, G., Bøe, K., Steinheim, G., & Bakken, M. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.11.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Seasonality of reproduction in the European badger Meles meles in south‐west England
Page, R., Ross, J., & Langton, S. (1994) · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05263.x · Cited by 39
Time allocation of male and female raccoon dogs to pup rearing at the den
Kauhala, K., Helle, E., & Pietilä, H. (1998) · doi:10.4098/at.arch.98-27 · Cited by 37
“The red fox Vulpes uulpes has adopted this strategy (Sheldon 1949, Storm 1965, Macdonald 1977, 1979, Sheldon 1992).”
MethodDispersal characteristics of swift foxes
Kamler, J., Ballard, W., Gese, E., Harrison, R. L., & Karki, S. M. (2004) · doi:10.1139/z04-187 · Cited by 35
“Concerning dispersal patterns, the common trend among fox species is for juvenile males to disperse, whereas juvenile females remain philopatric (Macdonald 1979; von Shantz 1981, 1984; Moehlman 1989; Koopman et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialDevenish-Nelson, E., Harris, S., Soulsbury, C., Richards, S., & Stephens, P. (2013) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20706.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Allonursing in captive belugas (Delphinapterus leucas).
Leung, E., Vergara, V., & Barrett-Lennard, L. (2010) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20295 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Food composition and feeding ecology of the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) in Egypt
Basuony, M., Saleh, M., Riad, A., & Fathy, W. (2005) · Egyptian Journal of Biology · doi:10.4314/ejb.v7i1.56504 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Based on our data and reports by others, the Red Fox is essentially an omnivore (Flower 1932; Macdonald 1979; Osborn & Helmy 1980).”
BackgroundMethodEarly age reproduction in female savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) after severe poaching
Owens, M., & OWENS, D. D. (2009) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01001.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In some mammals, older dominant females suppress reproduction in younger subordinates (MacDonald, 1979; Owens & Owens, 1984).”
BackgroundBakken, M. (1993) · Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00726.x · Cited by 30
Kin selection theory: A review and selective bibliography
Kurland, J. A. (1980) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(80)90012-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Is alloparenting helpful for Mednyi Island arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus semenovi?
Kruchenkova, E., Goltsman, M., Sergeev, S., & Macdonald, D. (2009) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0494-5 · Cited by 28
Self-citationThe mating system of the brown hyaena, Hyaena brunnea in the southern Kalahari
Mills, M. G. (1982) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00300173 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hert, E. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00132.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Parental care in a polygynous group of bat-eared foxes, Otocyon megalotis (Carnivora: Canidae)
Pauw, A. (2000) · African Zoology · doi:10.1080/15627020.2000.11407200 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Macdonald (1992) and Macdonald & Courtenay (1996) offered an alternative hypothesis.”
BackgroundDispersal and population density of the fox (Vulpes vulpes) in an area of London
Page, R. (1981) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb04596.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The nature and strength of social motivations in young farmed silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes)
Hovland, A., Mason, G., Kirkden, R. D., & Bakken, M. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.06.015 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…fox vixens have great difficulties in raising their offspring (Zabel and Spencer, 1989) and sub-adult vixens may delay dispersal (e.g. von Schantz, 1981), resulting in a female-biased social group where several vixens share reproduction, or nonreproducing vixens act as helpers (Macdonald, 1979).”
Bakken, M. (1993) · Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00742.x · Cited by 24
Kukekova, A., Acland, G., In, O., Kharlamova, A., Trut, L., Chase, K., Lark, K. G., Erb, H., & Aguirre, G. (2006) · Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Archive · doi:10.1101/087969781.44.515 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Cooperative rearing of pups is also observed in other canids (Macdonald 1979; Macdonald and Carr 1995; Bekoff 2001).”
BackgroundCarnivore distribution across habitats in a central-European landscape: a camera trap study
Pyšková, K., Kauzál, O., Storch, D., Horáček, I., Pergl, J., & Pyšek, P. (2018) · ZooKeys · doi:10.3897/zookeys.770.22554 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Foxes were recorded with a significantly lower frequency in the spring, which is the season of cub rearing, when the mother spends more time in the den with the young, and the father staying nearby to help with care of the cubs (Macdonald 1979).”
BackgroundNimon, A., & Broom, D. (2001) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600024015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Measuring Recruitment in an Invasive Species to Determine Eradication Potential
Berry, O., & Kirkwood, R. (2010) · doi:10.2193/2009-482 · Cited by 20
“Such reproductive suppression is in line with studies of foxes in their native environments (Macdonald 1979, Zabel and Taggart 1989, Iossa et al. 2009).”
ResultOntogeny of Dominance in Free-living Red Foxes
Meyer, S., & Weber, J.-M. (2010) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01178.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Akrim, F., Mahmood, T., Nadeem, M., Dhendup, T., Fatima, H., & Andleeb, S. (2019) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00440 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The red fox is essentially an omnivore having a diverse diet which includes invertebrates, small mammals, birds, plant matter and carrion (Flower 1932, Englund 1965, Amores 1975, Macdonald 1979, Osborn and Helmy 1980, Ciampaloni and Lovari 1985, Calisti et al.”
BackgroundShirley, M., Elmhagen, B., Lurz, P. W. W., Rushton, S., & Angerbjörn, A. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z09-104 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Arctic and red foxes show life-long or sequential (social) monogamy and they usually remain in the same home range once they have established (Macdonald 1979; Goszczynski 1989; Tannerfeldt and Angerbjörn 1996; Tannerfeldt et al. 2002).”
Multiple paternity and kinship in the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
Glenn, J. L. W., Civitello, D., & Lance, S. (2009) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.10.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gachot‐Neveu, H., Lefèvre, P. L. C., Roeder, J., Henry, C., & Poulle, M. (2009) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zsj.26.145 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Korhonen, H., Alasuutari, S., Mäkinen, A., & Niemelä, P. (1997) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/pl00013374 · Cited by 16
“It has been found that barren females, or those that have lost their kits, are typically submissive, but may help in nursing the kits of higher-ranking females (MacDonald 1979; Korhonen and Alasuutari 1994).”
BackgroundBerry, O., Tatler, J., Hamilton, N., Hilmer, S., Hitchen, Y., & Algar, D. (2014) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr13073 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“High-density populations inhabiting resource-rich environments typically retain non-reproductive ‘helpers’ within territories (Macdonald 1979; Zabel and Taggart 1989; Iossa et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSeasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes Vulpes vulpes
Fawcett, J. K., Fawcett, J., & Soulsbury, C. (2012) · Journal of ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evidence for a genetic basis for delayed dispersal in a cooperatively breeding canid
Sparkman, A. M., Adams, J., Steury, T., Waits, L., & Murray, D. (2012) · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.041 · Cited by 14
“been reported as delaying or forgoing dispersal, with helping behaviour observed in some species (Macdonald 1979; Hersteinsson & Macdonald 1982; Malcolm 1986).”
BackgroundInteraction rates between members of a group of red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes )
Baker, P., & Harris, S. (2000) · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2000.00072.x · Cited by 14
Dominance relations in captive groups of adult and juvenile arctic blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)
Korhonen, H., & Alasuutari, S. (1995) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00238486 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Parallel observations are available from previous blue fox (Korhonen and Alasuutari, 1994b) and red fox ( Macdonald 1979 ) experiments.”
MethodPredator protection dampens the landscape of fear
Wooster, E., Ramp, D., Lundgren, E., O'Neill, A. J., Yanco, E., Bonsen, G. T., & Wallach, A. D. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.09059 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Social Interactions among San Joaquin Kit Foxes Before, During, and After the Mating Season
Murdoch, J., Ralls, K., Cypher, B., & Reading, R. (2008) · doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-152.1 · Cited by 13
“For example, studies of red foxes have shown that most intragroup encounters are amicable, and often allow foxes to strengthen and reaffirm bonds with family group members (Doncaster and Macdonald 1997; Harris and Smith 1987; Macdonald 1977, 1979; White and Harris 1994).”
Background
- Authors
- Macdonald, D. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Macdonald, D. W.
- ORCID
- Macdonald, D. W.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1979-11
- Volume
- 282
- Issue
- 5734
- Pages
- 69-71
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1999284490
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- red fox, helping behavior, social organization, women's subordination, kin selection, cub rearing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
