The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 19 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Migration as adaptation
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
13 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 3 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Diminished soil quality in Kenya has led people to travel to diversify their income.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Gray, C. Glob. Environ. Change 21, 421–430 (2011). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a strong association in Kenya between low soil quality and temporary labor migration, and suggests that households send migrants to generate additional income. The claim presents this suggested response as an established causal effect; the paper does not establish that diminished soil quality caused people to migrate. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In 2004-05, for example, temporary labour migration in households that were farming land with high-quality soils was 67% lower than in those using poor soils 4 .”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Gray, C. Glob. Environ. Change 21, 421–430 (2011). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Results §5.1 (Kenya; page not provided) reports that the odds of temporary labor migration were 67% lower for households with high-quality soil. The citing sentence presents this as a 67% reduction in migration itself, rather than in its odds. Data Collection §3.1 also says the Kenyan surveys were conducted in 2004 and 2007, not 2004–05. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, in Uganda, a relatively settled country with high 'entry costs' for housing, schools and marriage, those who are wealthier are more able to relocate.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In Bangladesh, for example, moving to cities has become a common coping strategy in the face of flooding.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Penning-Rowsell, E., Sultana, S. & Thompson, P. Population Movement in Response to Climate Related Hazards in Bangladesh: The 'Last Resort' (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Environmental factors will increasingly influence migration.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Current greenhouse-gas emissions are already committing the planet to likely climate changes in the next 20 years.
- Not matched
In the paper
“and may be exacerbated by maladaptive policies designed to prevent migration.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The greatest risks will be borne by those who are unable or unwilling to re locate”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In Dakar, Senegal, for example, 40% of those who moved there between 1998 and 2008 live in areas of high flood risk 8 .”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > INTERLINKED FACTORS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] World Bank World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change (World Bank, 2010). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Migration may be the most effective way to allow people to diversify income and build resilience where environmental change threatens livelihoods.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > INTERLINKED FACTORS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In rapidly growing megacities, such as Dhaka and Lagos, that are located in delta and coastal floodplain regions in Africa or Asia, hundreds of millions more people may be at risk of flooding by 2060 (see 'Urban coastal flood risk').”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > INTERLINKED FACTORS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. VAFEIDIS ET AL.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
In the paper
“In a 2008 study, 22% of households affected by tidal-surge floods, and 16% affected by riverbank erosion, moved to urban areas 3 .”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Penning-Rowsell, E., Sultana, S. & Thompson, P. Population Movement in Response to Climate Related Hazards in Bangladesh: The 'Last Resort' (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It contends that, although environmental change will alter an already complex pattern of human mobility, migration will offer opportunities as well as challenges.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our study suggests that the picture is not so one-sided.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
In the paper
“In Mali, emigration decreased during the severe droughts of 1983-85 alongside a rise in rural poverty 7 .”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Findley, S. E. Int. Migr. Rev. 28, 539–553 (1994).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Migration is often expensive, and those most vulnerable to environmental change are usually poor.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Migrants stretch the capacity of existing infrastructure, especially in low-income countries, and new arrivals are frequently vulnerable.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > INTERLINKED FACTORS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Africa, where the majority of international migrants stay within their subregion, such remittances to home communities quadrupled to nearly US$40 billion between 1990 and 2010, surpassing official development assistance since 2007 (ref.10).”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > A ROAD MAP FOR ACTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Ratha, D. et al. Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments (World Bank, 2011). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Environmental change can increase the incentive to move, but it can also limit the capacity to do so.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > INTERLINKED FACTORS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2008, attacks against these migrants resulted in 65 deaths and the further displacement of 150,000 people 9 .”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > INTERLINKED FACTORS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] McGregor, J., Marazzi, L. & Mpofu, B. Conflict, Migration and the Environment: the Case of Zimbabwe (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, migrants may be socially excluded and so will need special attention.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > A ROAD MAP FOR ACTION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“There may be confounding socio-political factors, such as in Somalia where armed conflict restricts movement 5 , or in New Orleans, Louisiana, where the evacuation plan for Hurricane Katrina assumed that everyone had access to a car 6 .”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > THE REALITY OF MIGRATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] Kolmannskog, V. New Issues in Refugee Research Res. Pap. 180 (UNHCR, 2009); available at http://go.nature.com/pugh4r
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [6] Cutter, S. The Katrina Exodus: Internal Displacements and Unequal Outcomes (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Impoverished people face a double set of risks.They are unable to move away from environmental threats, and their lack of capital makes them especially vulnerable to environmental changes.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Political instability, poor governance, conflict and social pressures compound these problems.”
§ Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say > INTERLINKED FACTORS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Current greenhouse-gas emissions are already committing the planet to likely climate changes in the next 20 years.
“Current greenhouse-gas emissions are already committing the planet to likely climate changes in the next 20 years.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Future droughts will threaten food security.
“Future droughts will threaten food security”
The paper relies on this without support.
People migrate for complex reasons including economic improvement, joining family, escaping persecution, and removing themselves from environmental or other threats, often temporarily.
“People migrate for complex reasons: to improve incomes; to join family members; to escape persecution; and to remove themselves from environmental or other threats, often temporarily.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The drivers of migration are closely intertwined, so it makes little sense to consider any of them in isolation.
“Many factors influence whether a person or family will migrate.Their effects are closely intertwined, so it makes little sense to consider any of them in isolation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is an increasing acknowledgment that the character of climate migration is strongly determined by contextual factors, such as the political or socioeconomic conditions in a region, which affect households' access to alternative in-situ adaptation options, resources to bear the costs of migration, and the existence of migration networks (Black et al., 2011).”
From Improving the evidence base: A methodological review of the quantitative climate migration literature (2021) · cites this paper as Black et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Bank, W. (2010) · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-7987-5 · Cited by 932
Human Development Report 2009. Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and DevelopmentPreprint
Klugman, J. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 804
Does Drought Increase Migration? A Study of Migration from Rural Mali during the 1983–1985 Drought
Findley, S. E. (1994) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/019791839402800306 · Cited by 344
Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments
Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., Özden, Ç., Plaza, S., Shaw, W., & Shimeles, A. (2011) · Cited by 258
The ‘last resort’? Population movement in response to climate-related hazards in Bangladesh
Penning-Rowsell, E. C., Sultana, P., & Thompson, P. M. (2013) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.009 · Cited by 241
Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments
Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., Ozden, C., Plaza, S., Shaw, W., & Shimeles, A. (2011) · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-8257-8 · Cited by 133
Soil quality and human migration in Kenya and Uganda
Gray, C. L. (2011) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.02.004 · Cited by 108
Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., Özden, Ç., Plaza, S., Shaw, W., & Shimeles, A. (2011) · World Bank Publications · Cited by 34
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
- Kolmannskog, V. New Issues in Refugee Research Res. Pap. 180 (UNHCR, 2009); available at http://go.nature.com/pugh4r
- Cutter, S. The Katrina Exodus: Internal Displacements and Unequal Outcomes (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
- Findley, S. E. Int. Migr. Rev. 28, 539–553 (1994).
- McGregor, J., Marazzi, L. & Mpofu, B. Conflict, Migration and the Environment: the Case of Zimbabwe (Government Office for Science, 2011); available at http://go.nature.com/somswg
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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do Lago, M. C., Rebêlo, G. H., Bruno, A. C., & Henriques, L. M. P. (2024) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2024-01-13.07-1-19
Uglanova, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_23
Comment on egusphere-2023-1475
Spaiser, V., Juhola, S. K., Constantino, S. M., et al. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1475-rc2
Spaiser, V. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1475-ac1
Spaiser, V. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1475-ac2
Thalheimer, L., Muttarak, R., Cuaresma, J. C., Li, S., & Otto, F. E. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4786263
Ou‐Salah, L., Verschraegen, G., & PRAAG, L. V. (2024) · Social Compass · doi:10.1177/00377686241239615
“Consequently, when developing adaptation strategies, it is important to consider local organisational structures, cultures, environmental hazards, and impacts as well as people’s specific adaptive capacity and resources (Black et al., 2011; Smit and Wandel, 2006).”
BackgroundFriedline, T. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190944131.002.0004
Friedline, T. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190944131.002.0006
Friedline, T. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190944131.002.0003
Weather, Climate and Public Health
Anderson, V., & Gough, W. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96026-7.00072-2
Improving on Complexity: Ideas for Enhancing Quantitative Modeling of Climate Mobility
Michelini, S., Petrova, K., Gong, C. C., & Zantout, K. (2024) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.202300545
Environmental Displacement and Political Violence
Chesler, A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009417150.016
Environmental Violence Impacts, Responses, Resistance, and Alternatives
Marcantonio, R. A., Lederach, J. P., & Fuentes, A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009417150.015
Đức, V. H., & Hai, H. H. (2024) · Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tài chính - Marketing · doi:10.52932/jfm.vi4.507
Climate Variability and Internal Migration in the United States, 1970 – 2010Preprint
Zhou, S., Chi, G., & Thiede, B. C. (2024) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/v4zhg
Multiscale Causal Structures and Emergence in Complex Systems of Migration
Donald, G. D.-M. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in population studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65057-4_3
Downward Causation in Complex Systems of Migration. Challenges for Prediction and Intervention
Donald, G. D.-M. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in population studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65057-4_2
Climate change and health: Hidden threats and sustainable prospects
Alenazi, H., Alshaghroud, . M., Altwaijri, S. A., Alrashed, M. A., Alotaibi, A. M. F., Alahmadi, F. S. M., Almarzuqi, A. Z. H., Alharbi, S. S., Alshammari, M. S., & Aljohani, M. D. S. (2018) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v2ns1.15430
“The World Bank thinks that climate change will force more than 140 million people to move by 2050 in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America [66].”
Castro, J. A. G., & de Robles, S. L. R. (2024) · Sociedad y Ambiente · doi:10.31840/sya.v2024i27.2932
Rogalski, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5122310
Yavuz, C. M., & Özer, B. K. (2025) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2025.2462907
“Migration, influenced by various macro and micro social, economic, political, and demographic factors, constitutes mass population movements that induce social changes (Black et al. 2011).”
Maximova, S. G., & Omelchenko, D. A. (2025) · VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII · doi:10.19181/vis.2025.16.1.4
Ramli, M. S. B. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5190091
ANALYSIS OF FARMERS’ LEVEL OF PRODUCTIVITY BEFORE AND AFTER THE INSURGENCY IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA.
Adu, V., Iheanacho, A. C., Atagher, M. M., Nyiatagher, Z. T., & AGULEBE, T. (2024) · Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.15580/gjas.2024.2.061824085
“Large household sizes can imply a higher dependency ratio and greater strain on household resources, potentially exacerbating the effects of insurgency on food security and economic stability (Black et al., 2011).”
Environmental Migration from Sundarbans: Enhancing Resilience of Communities Amidst Climate Crisis?
Nandy, S., & Bandyopadhyay, C. (2025) · Advances in global change research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85359-3_16
Departure into the Unknown: Climate Migration in the Twenty-First Century
Vinke, K. V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85987-8_1
Situation of residential migration in the labor field in Ecuador, period 2016-2021
Garzozi-Pincay, R. F., & Garzozi-Pincay, Y. S. (2023) · HUMAN REVIEW International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades · doi:10.37819/revhuman.v20i1.1693
Demin, E., Miller, E., Shakhova, O. A., et al. (2025) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/202517913001
“Carbon dioxide is the main climatically active gas, the concentration of which in the atmosphere is rapidly increasing [5].”
Wong, C. (2025) · Current Issues in Comparative Education · doi:10.52214/cice.v27i1.13415
Climate Change and Migration Readiness, Willingness, and Ability
Bavel, J. V. (2025) · The Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89737-5_2
Hills, T. (2025) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/23996544251346323 · Cited by 1
“…holds signi fi cant political currency (e.g. Faber and Schlegel, 2017; Parsons, 2019) developments in both Climate Science and Migration Studies inspired the emergence of an alternative approach in the late 2000s – migration as adaptation (Bettini, 2014; Black et al., 2011; Boas and Rothe, 2016).”
Security-Migration Nexus in Central Asia: Effects of Climate Change on Regional Stability
Michael, G., & Sarthi, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8001-7_117-1
Soflaei, F., Abdolzadeh, G., Ziaee, N., Jafari, M. A., & Borhani, F. (2026) · International Journal on Smart and Sustainable Cities · doi:10.1142/s2972426026500017
Olascoaga, S. S., Shu, E. G., & Porter, J. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Environmental Economics · doi:10.3389/frevc.2025.1615802 · Cited by 2
Socio-economic Impacts of Net Zero Policies
Oyenuga, M. O., Singh, R., Apata, S. B., Khan, S., & Kumar, V. (2025) · Climate change management · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92221-3_4
The Impact of Climate Change on Migration: A Historical and Scenario Based Approach
Singh, R., Crowther, D., & Rani, S. (2025) · Approaches to global sustainability, markets, and governance · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7181-6_2 · Cited by 1
Access to social security policies for migrant workers: A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam
Tram, N. T. A., Chi, T. T., Dung, V. X., Ha, P. T. T., & Ha, V. T. (2025) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2025.08.020
Oladimeji, H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5394016
Chowdhury, M. A., Islam, N. O., Bakshi, S. K., Islam, M. K., Zzaman, R. U., Rahman, M. M., & Islam, S. L. U. (2025) · Migration and Development · doi:10.1177/21632324251364658 · Cited by 1
Labor’s adaptation to high temperatures: evidence from rural China
Liu, D., Si, W., Zhao, Q., & Feng, X. (2025) · China Agricultural Economic Review · doi:10.1108/caer-06-2023-0146
Söylemez-Karakoç, B., Rottmann, S. B., Aras, N. E. G., Kargın, İ. A., Karakoç, M., & Misra, S. (2025) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2025.2562296
Exploring the Influencing Factors of Rural-to-Urban Migration in Kandahar from 2001to 2021
Arghandwal, N. A., Fana, Z., Barai, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities · doi:10.62810/jssh.v2i4.95
“Changes in the surrounding environment can increase the incentive to move, as drought contributed to migration in rural areas (Black et al., 2011).”
Quantifying Migration Influences: Coastal Perspectives
Mandal, P., & Paul, S. (2025) · Springer geography · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05858-4_5
Bayrak, M. M., van Onselen, V. M., Li, Y.-W., et al. (2025) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-025-04076-2
“The relationship between human mobility, including temporary, seasonal, circular, and permanent migration, as well as relocation and displacement, and climate change is well-established (cf. Black et al. 2011 ; Afifi et al. 2016; Boas et al. 2018; de Sherbinin et al. 2022 ).”
Climate Change and Human Health
Airi, M., & Salgotra, V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9859-9_90
Hagos, S. Z., Streit, A., & Palop‐García, P. (2025) · Territory Politics Governance · doi:10.1080/21622671.2025.2597821
“…that subscribe to this view focus on providing resilience-building resources, such as livelihood diversification programmes or planned resettlement programmes, so that migration becomes part of broader climate risk management (Black et al., 2011; Stojanov et al., 2021; Vanhala & Calliari, 2022).”
The impact of climate change on major migrations in Turkish history (1700 BC-850 AD)
Özşahin, E., & MIZRAK, E. Ç. (2025) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2025.100519
Kouraogo, P. (2025) · Advances in Applied Sociology · doi:10.4236/aasoci.2025.1511060
Soares, D. C., & Friedrich, T. S. (2025) · Achta Scientiarum Human Social Science · doi:10.4025/actascihumansoc.v47i3.75948
“…migratórios arbitrários, pois a migração também pode ser meio eficaz de adaptação; o deslocamento de alguns indivíduos pode ajudar uma comunidade a permanecer viável a longo prazo, por exemplo, se dinheiro e bens forem enviados de volta para ajudar a construir sua resiliência (Black et al., 2011).”
Flaig, D., Persyn, D., Yalew, A. W., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5962432
Coupland, K. (2026) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-025-00513-7
“Household mobility, whether as a proactive strategy or a reactive response to climate-related impacts and hazards, reflects both a household’s adaptive capacity and its willingness or ability to mobilize available resources (Black et al., 2011, 2013; McLeman, 2014).”
BASKIN, S., ÇİNAR, M., & Bekdaş, M. (2025) · e-Kafkas Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.30900/kafkasegt.1678354
Understanding Climate-Driven Migration: A Nonlinear Machine Learning Approach
Nardi, S. D., Carnevale, C., Piccoli, G., Raccagni, S., & Sangiorgi, L. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3654366
Ullah, W., Shaofeng, Z., Ashfaq, A. S., & Rauf, A. (2026) · Development in Practice · doi:10.1080/09614524.2026.2613917 · Cited by 1
“The impacts are disproportionately concentrated in regions of high climatic vulnerability and population density, particularly in Asia and the Pacific (Black et al. 2011).”
Borders, Bread, and Belonging: Three Centuries of Migration in Bangladesh
Mrs, S., Das, J. J., & Abdul, M. K. (2026) · Migration Diaspora and Remittance Review · doi:10.64907/xkmf.v6.i1.mdrr.1
A unifying theory of foreign intervention in domestic climate policy
Harding, A. R., & Moreno‐Cruz, J. (2026) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107430
Staying in place: Immobility of Adivasi communities in the Coal Mining Regions of Jharkhand, India
Kindo, N., Ajmal Khan, A. T., & Kujur, A. (2026) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-025-02515-5
“While much of the climate migration literature tends to view mobility—especially out-migration—as a primary adaptation strategy (Black et al. 2011; Zickgraf 2018), our ethnographic findings complicate this framework by demonstrating how immobility can also constitute an active and meaningful…”
National Adaptation Plans: An Assessment of the Climate, Human (Im)Mobility, and Health Nexus
Link, A.-C. (2026) · United Nations University series on regionalism · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10550-9_11
Understanding the Links Between Migration, Climate Change and Health
Siegel, M., & Mori, G. (2026) · United Nations University series on regionalism · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10550-9_2
Artificial intelligence and climate migration equity
Palinkas, L. A., Özbilgin, M. F., Aczel, M. R., Ortar, N., Monteleoni, C., Sethi, S. S., Rice, E., Dilkina, B., & Barak, M. E. M. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-07087-1 · Cited by 1
Theoretical and conceptual evaluation of climate-related displacement and mobility
Türkeş, M., Tekin, M. K., & Salli, D. (2026) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196261434015 · Cited by 1
Noveria, M., Listyaningsih, U., Pitoyo, A. J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Population Research · doi:10.1007/s12546-026-09417-1
“This phenomenon is influenced by a wide range of factors, including social, political, demographic, eco - nomic, environmental, climatic (Black et al., 2011), and cultural conditions.”
Global Environmental Change: A Comprehensive Review of Causes and Implications
Sambhe, D. R., & Patil, M. S. P. (2016) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrset17381255
Social outcomes of the housing market under climate change
Moshfegh, P. H., Naderpajouh, N., Morshedi, M., Fallah‐Fini, S., & Wong, W.-W. (2026) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2026.107050
İklim Kaynaklı Göçlerde Sosyal Koruma ve Kayıp-Zarar Fonunun İşlevi
Beken, H. G. (2026) · Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi · doi:10.20979/ueyd.1858603
Do Social Networks Moderate the Effect of Extreme Weather on Migration?
Carrico, A. R., Burns, H. W., Donato, K. M., Rahaman, H., & Best, K. B. (2026) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.70061 · Cited by 1
Şimşek, T., & YİĞİT, E. (2026) · Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi · doi:10.29216/ueip.1759221
Jannat, R. (2026) · Discover Cities · doi:10.1007/s44327-026-00242-y
Sakib, M. N., Ahmed, I., Riad, N. I., & Rahman, M. M. (2026) · PLOS Climate · doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000901 · Cited by 2
Linking Climate Change to Migration: Insights, Challenges and Future Directions
Luong, T. A. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1015354
The rambling construction of climate-migration-security nexus in the European Union
Blocher, J. M., Serraglio, D. A., & Beckmann, A. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111321523-026
Decision to stay in climate-risk areas: cognitive biases and preferences in coastal Bangladesh
Vollan, B., Steimanis, I., Burger, M. N., & Neef, A. (2026) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2026.2666175 · Cited by 2
Human Behavior and Hazard Uncertainties Shape Distributional Flood Risk OutcomesPreprint
Bhaduri, P., Pollack, A. B., Son, Y., Yoon, J., Daniel, B., & Srikrishnan, V. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6701898
Cebolla‐Boado, H., & Lund, M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9405620/v1
Interplay Roles of Telework and Climate Hazard Risks in Recent Migration Trends in the United States
Kambala, M. I., Wang, S., & Panta, D. (2026) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.70272
Wang, J., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18104870
PRAAG, L. V., & Ou‐Salah, L. (2026) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/imig.70183
Paul, N., Opabola, E. A., Nurdin, S., Pelupessy, D. C., Damayanti, A., Nurdin, R. R., Adam, S. R., Sahempa, S. S., & Galasso, C. (2026) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106202
Garcia, C., Sakdapolrak, P., Wehner, S., & Borderon, M. (2026) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.70300
“Numerous reports were conducted to explore the nexus between human migration and environmental change, and to provide policy makers with more evidence on migration drivers (Black et al. 2011; Warner et al. 2012).”
Gendered (Im)mobilities in the Sundarbans: Everyday Strategies in a Changing Landscape
Mahnoor, B., & Macková, L. (2026) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.70303
Mazzoleni, M., Defilippo, F., Torti, C., et al. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116310
“The immigration/emigration rate at time t is assessed as a function of drought migration, as we assumed that a society highly affected by drought may tend to reallocate to an area with more water availability 87–89 : 23) With k ie as the immigration/emigration constant equal to 0.01.”
InfluentialMigration, Population Change and Urban Development in Bangladesh: A Sociological Analysis
Rikta, R., & Farhana, K. M. (2026) · Migration Diaspora and Remittance Review · doi:10.64907/xkmf.v6i2.mdrr.1
Spatial Heterogeneity in Climate Risk and Human Flourishing: An Exploration With Generative AI
Iacus, S. M., Qi, H., & Jain, D. (2026) · Transactions in GIS · doi:10.1111/tgis.70301 · Cited by 1
“…al. 2016), mental health (Burke et al. 2018; Cunsolo and Ellis 2018; Lawrance et al. 2022), economic losses (Botzen et al. 2019; Boustan et al. 2020; Roth Tran and Wilson 2025; Smith 2020), or migration (Black et al. 2011; Boas et al. 2019; Cattaneo et al. 2019; Qi and Bircan 2023; Qi et al. 2026).”
Chowdhury, M. E., Islam, M. K., & Chowdhury, M. A. (2026) · Discover Hazards · doi:10.1007/s44475-026-00035-2
“The framework further conceptualizes erosion as a trigger of livelihood disruption, land loss, and displacement, which interact with existing socio-economic vulnerabilities to produce diverse outcomes, including income instability and food insecurity [5, 37].”
Meijer, R., Naushirvanov, T., Zhu, Z., Zhou, Y., & Yi, Y. (2026) · Progress in Disaster Science · doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2026.100615
Barman, M., & Hazarika, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10083633/v1
Bihar at the Climate–Development Nexus: Agriculture, Poverty, Migration and Resilience Pathways
Mishra, R. K., Singh, P. N., Shivani, S., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences · doi:10.52804/ijaas2026.713
Muzzerall, P., Hamdon, C., & McConnell, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197852729.003.0063
Brutti, G., Cremen, G., & Galasso, C. (2026) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-026-03709-3
“Thismeansthatgreaterexposuretonatural hazards can also increase aspirations to move voluntarily as an adaptation strategy 12 – 15 or weaken households ’ capabilities to undertake mobility 16,17 .”
Beyond Migration: Livelihood Adaptation and (Im)mobility in Rural Brazil
Santos, S. C. P., Nogueira, J. D. M., Thornton, A., & Barbieri, A. F. (2026) · Migration and Development · doi:10.1177/21632324261459417
Ahsan, M. N., Khatun, F., Khatun, A., Afroj, F., Oni, F. A., Tasneem, S., Maria, S., Best, K., & Mallick, B. (2026) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2026.101526
Water conflicts. Geopolitical and socio-environmental aspects
Varani, N., & Mamayusupova, K. (2025) · Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal · doi:10.2478/gssfj-2025-0013
“In the Sahel, human mobility should not be understood solely as an expression of vulnerability, but also as an adaptive strategy and a form of resilience in response to environmental shocks (Black et al., 2011; Scheffran et al., 2012).”
The Relationship Between Climate Change, Migration and Education for the NBR of The Gambia.
Mbowe, A., Adekeye, K. S., & Fanneh, M. M. (2026) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.1847859
Climate change and visual disability
Wong, Y. L., & Erny, B. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-31568-8.00057-x
Metadata
- Authors
- Black, R., Bennett, S. R. G., Thomas, S. M., & Beddington, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Government of the United Kingdom (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Black, Richard
- Bennett, Stephen R. G.
- Thomas, Sandy M.
- Beddington, John R.
- ORCID
- Black, Richard
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2011-10-20
- Volume
- 478
- Issue
- 7370
- Pages
- 447-449
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2032266442
- Cited by
- 1,043
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 80.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Labor Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Climate change impacts on agriculture
- Keywords
- human migration, environmental change, adaptation, mobility, climate change, coping strategies
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Disasters, Emigration and Immigration, Environment, Humans, Policy Making, Politics, Poverty, Risk, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Floods, Climate Change
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