The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 9 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 9 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Of all the plant, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal species that have gone extinct since ad 1500, 75% were harmed by overexploitation or agricultural activity or both (often in combination with the introduction of invasive alien species 7 ).”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Bellard, C., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. M. Biol. Lett. 12, 20150623 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (section 3; page unavailable) report that, among the 215 extinct species in the five taxa, 58% were affected by biological resource use, 28% by agriculture or aquaculture, and 58% by alien species. They also say species commonly had more than one listed threat, supporting the possibility of combined threats. The paper does not report that 75% were affected by overexploitation or agriculture or establish how often those threats specifically coincided with alien species. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Finally, the balance of threats driving extinction risk for many of the world's species will change, even over the next few decades 3 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says habitat loss, over-exploitation and invasive species have largely driven extinctions, while climate change is becoming a significant new threat. It also reports projections of increased climate-related extinction risk within this century, including species potentially committed to extinction by 2050. Together, these support the claimed shift in the balance of threats over the coming decades. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Finally, studies have shown Red List categorizations reflecting projected extinction risk from climate change to be more robust than was previously thought 6 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Keith, D. A. et al. Conserv. Biol. 28, 810–819 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not supplied) describes earlier doubts about whether Red List criteria can detect climate-change extinction risk. The Factors influencing performance section reports that assessments for later in the twenty-first century were robust to missing data, but the study examined one amphibian species and cautions that early detection can depend on assessing criterion E. The claim overgeneralizes that qualified finding to Red List categorizations broadly. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Thankfully, there are effective tools and approaches to alleviate harm caused by overexploitation and agricultural activities 8 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hayward, M. W. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 2563–2573 (2011). source
The Discussion says that threats from agriculture and hunting can be treated through site creation, restoration, reintroduction, legislation and effective site management. It also says effective legislation can counter over-hunting, while cautioning that these strategies are not guaranteed to work. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The comprehensively assessed groups included here are not a random sample from the tree of life 1 , but those that are generally better-studied.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Brooks, T. M. et al. Sci. Data 3, 160007 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section lists particular taxonomic groups with comprehensive assessments and distinguishes them from a separate taxonomically stratified effort intended to be representative. The Data Records section says some assessed groups are better known than others, but it does not establish that comprehensively assessed groups are generally better studied than groups outside that selection. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Climate change will become an increasingly dominant problem in the biodiversity crisis 3 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says climate change is becoming a significant new threat and describes substantial projected extinction risks. It does not say climate change will become a dominant threat relative to habitat loss, overexploitation and invasive species, which the Results identify as the current dominant stressors. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But information on extinction risk has been gathered for only some 0.1% of the more than 50,000 species of fungi thought to exist.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, unsustainable logging is contributing to the decline of more than 4,000 forest-dependent species, such as the Bornean wren-babbler (Ptilocichla leucogrammica), India's Nicobar shrew (Crocidura nicobarica), and the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri).”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And the Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) are two of more than 4,600 species currently under threat from land modification associated with the production of food, fodder or fuel crops.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 80% of species analysed are harmed by more than one sub-class threat.”
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
“In fact, more than 80% of the species included in our analysis are affected by more than one major threat.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- It may state two separate claims as one. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All known bird species have been assessed, for instance.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) are among the 1,688 species affected.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, anthropogenic climate change -including increases in storms, flooding, extreme temperatures or drought that exceed background variability, as well as sea-level rise -is currently affecting 19% of species listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These have dropped in abundance by 90% in the northeastern Atlantic Arctic over the past few decades”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expansion and intensification of agricultural activity is imperilling 5,407 species -62% of those listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
In the paper
“Because agricultural activity and overexploitation tend to occur in fertile places with naturally high levels of biodiversity 4 , the patterns emerging from our analysis probably extend to many of the other species that have not yet been assessed.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Anderson, B. J. et al. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 888–896 (2009). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet we do not think that any of these caveats alter the overall message.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
“To assess the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity, we quantified threat information for 8,688 near-threatened or threatened species belonging to species groups in which all known species have been assessed”
The paper relies on this without support.
Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.
“Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Farming contributes substantially to greenhouse-gas emissions.
“Agriculture is a major driver of greenhouse-gas emissions, for example.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human development and population growth will continue and increase the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion.
“But human development and population growth mean that the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion will also increase.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Combating climate change alone will not be enough to prevent—or possibly even slow—the further loss of biodiversity, unless damaging land/sea use change and direct exploitation are also tackled with similar ambition and determination (14, 27).”
From The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“2,298 species are adversely affected by biological invasions and diseases”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and 1,688 by climate change”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“With a growing and wealthier population, food demand will further increase, accentuating the negative impacts on biodiversity2,3.”
From Farming practices to enhance biodiversity across biomes: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Food systems are a key driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (1).”
From Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
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Self-citationAlien species as a driver of recent extinctions
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,973
Characterising trafficking and trade of pangolins in the Gulf of Guinea
Ingram, D. J., Cronin, D. T., Challender, D. W. S., Mitchell, D. V., & Gonder, M. K. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00576 · Cited by 86
“However, overexploitation remains a primary threat to wildlife, driving many species towards extinction (Maxwell et al., 2016; WWF, 2016; Benítez-L opez et al., nd Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. dan.ingram@ucl.ac.uk (D.J. Ingram). an open access…”
BackgroundGlobal reforestation and biodiversity conservation
Kemppinen, K., Collins, P., Hole, D. G., Wolf, C., Ripple, W. J., & Gerber, L. R. (2020) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13478 · Cited by 92
“Hunting is a major cause of species loss across the tropics (Maxwell et al. 2016; Symes et al. 2018); declines in bird and mammal populations in hunted forests are substantial (Benitez-Lopez et al. 2017).”
BackgroundWatson, J. E. M., Li, R. V., Grantham, H. S., Dudley, N., Stolton, S., Rao, M., Woodley, S. J., Hockings, M. T., Burkart, K., Simmonds, J. S., et al. (2023) · Integrative Conservation · doi:10.1002/inc3.24 · Cited by 104
“Indeed, many of the drivers that create ecosystem services humanity depends on (e.g., human demand for the ‘ provisioning services ’ of fi ber, energy, and food) are the very drivers of the extinction crisis and bio-diversity collapse being experienced around the world (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationExtinction risk of Mesoamerican crop wild relatives
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The response of arboreal marsupials to long‐term changes in forest disturbance
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“While global assessments of biodiversity show major declines (e.g. Maxwell et al., 2016), some species are increasing at regional and local levels, while others are declining (Inger et al., 2014; Lindenmayer et al., 2018b; Nielsen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAging human populations: good for us, good for the earth
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Ecological illiteracy can deepen farmers’ pesticide dependency
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“…extraordinary social, economic and environmental challenges for humanity: extensive chemical pollution, biocide resistance, habitat destruction and biodiversity loss are major threats that are further compounded by climate change (Maxwell et al 2016, Bernhardt et al 2017, Jørgensen et al 2018).”
BackgroundDeconstructing compassionate conservation
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“Among the 12 categories of threats to biodiversity of the International Union for Conservation of Nature are habitat loss or degradation, use, invasive species, human disturbance, pollution, and persecution (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
Rare and common vertebrates span a wide spectrum of population trends
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The value of scattered trees for wildlife: Contrasting effects of landscape context and tree size
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Impacts of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Terrestrial Biodiversity
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Doughnut of social and planetary boundaries monitors a world out of balance
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“…including a growing middle class, are widely held to be the primary drivers of global impacts on Earth-system stability 33 , local ecological concerns may be more strongly affected by other factors, such as overexploitation, urban and agricultural encroachment, pollution and population growth 63 .”
Invasive Alien Species: Denialism, Disagreement, Definitions, and Dialogue
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Area Requirements to Safeguard Earth's Marine Species
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Self-citationTarabon, S., Calvet, C., Delbar, V., Dutoit, T., & Isselin‐Nondedeu, F. (2020) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103871 · Cited by 89
Reconciling resilience across ecological systems, species and subdisciplines
Capdevila, P., Stott, I., Menor, I. O., Stouffer, D. B., Raimundo, R. L. G., White, H. J., Barbour, M. A., & Salguero‐Gómez, R. (2021) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13775 · Cited by 96
“As the impacts of global change continue to unfold worldwide (Díaz et al., 2019; IPCC, 2021; Maxwell et al., 2016), understanding the ability of ecological systems to respond to global threats has become a pressing societal need (CBD, 2010; UNISDR, 2015).”
BackgroundMarsh, S. M. E., Hoffmann, M., Burgess, N. D., Brooks, T. M., Challender, D. W. S., Cremona, P. J., Hilton‐Taylor, C., de Micheaux, F. L., Lichtenstein, G., Roe, D., et al. (2021) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13844 · Cited by 77
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MethodSelf-citationRevisiting the promise of conservation psychology
Selinske, M. J., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Gordon, A., Kusmanoff, A. M., & Fidler, F. M. (2018) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13106 · Cited by 81
What Will the Future Bring for Biological Invasions on Islands? An Expert-Based Assessment
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Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes
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“…犀牛角 / 犀牛角 / xī niú jiǎo ; rele - vant/affected taxa: extant Rhinocerotidae; Biggs et al., 2013) to cat-erpillar fungi ( 冬蟲夏草 / 冬虫夏草 / dōng chóng xià cǎo ; Ophiocordyceps sinensis ; Hopping et al., 2018), contributes significantly to the threats facing many species today (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
How many species are there on Earth? Progress and problems
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“The most important ones may be habitat destruction and overexploitation [13], and climate change can threaten even protected species in well-preserved habitats [14].”
BackgroundGlobal shortfalls in documented actions to conserve biodiversity
Senior, R. A., Bagwyn, R., Leng, D., Killion, A. K., Jetz, W., & Wilcove, D. S. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07498-7 · Cited by 77
“We initially focus on three of the greatest threats to biodiversity: habitat loss (including habitat degradation), overexploitation for international trade and invasive species 4 .”
BackgroundA national‐scale dataset for threats impacting Australia’s imperiled flora and fauna
Ward, M. S., Carwardine, J., Yong, C., et al. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7920 · Cited by 74
“Global analyses have revealed overexploitation as the prevalent threatening process (Maxwell et al., 2016; Yiming & Wilcove, 2005), but across Australia, we show that mitigating the impacts of habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation will benefit the greatest number of taxa overall.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2022
Sutherland, W. J., Atkinson, P. W., Butchart, S. H. M., et al. (2021) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.10.014 · Cited by 74
Self-citationTerrestrial Vertebrate Biodiversity Loss under Future Global Land Use Change Scenarios
Chaudhary, A., & Mooers, A. Ø. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10082764 · Cited by 71
“Importantly, habitat destruction and degradation due to human land use for commodity production is, and is expected to remain, the major driver of biodiversity loss [6].”
BackgroundTowards better mapping of forest management patterns: A global allocation approach
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International socioeconomic inequality drives trade patterns in the global wildlife market
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“INTRODUCTION The wildlife trade is one of the main causes of species loss (1) in the midst of a sixth mass extinction (2).”
BackgroundLinking landscape structure and ecosystem service flow
Assis, J. C., Hohlenwerger, C., Metzger, J. P., Rhodes, J. R., Duarte, G. T., da Silva, R. A., Boesing, A. L., Prist, P. R., & Ribeiro, M. C. (2023) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2023.101535 · Cited by 73
Emerging threat of the 21st century lightscape to global biodiversity
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“Invasive alien species (IAS) are considered to be the second most important cause of worldwide extinctions (Bellard, Genovesi, et al., 2016; Gurevitch & Padilla, 2004; Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundScopelliti, M., Molinario, E., Bonaiuto, F., Bonnes, M., Cicero, L., Dominicis, S. D., Fornara, F., Admiraal, J. F., Beringer, A., Dedeurwaerdere, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2017.1421526 · Cited by 82
“Recently, natural scientists and policy makers are jointly striving to halt the loss of biodiversity, the former identifying species at risk and direct causes of biodiversity loss (Maxwell et al. 2016), so that intervening for the latter becomes more possible than in the past.”
BackgroundWind energy is not sustainable when balanced by fossil energy
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“Finally, several sectors also show signs of saturation, including agriculture under the pressure of large demographic growth, demonstrating crop yield stagnation (IEA, 2016), soil overexploitation, and perturbations of ecological processes leading to large losses in biodiversity (Cardinale et al., 2012; Maxwell et al.…”
BackgroundAgricultural trade and its impacts on cropland use and the global loss of species habitat
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“The impact of this agricultural expansion on biodiversity is strong, with more than 60% of the species currently listed as threatened or nearly threatened by the IUCN being directly affected by agricultural activity (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
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Toward a sustainable, participatory and inclusive wild meat sector
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Climate change and land use induce functional shifts in soil nematode communities
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On the Way to Sustainable Agriculture—Eco-Efficiency of Polish Commercial Farms
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“Agriculture is also said to be the main cause of the loss of biodiversity [57,58].”
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Integrating Proximal and Horizon Threats to Biodiversity for Conservation
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Deforestation risks posed by oil palm expansion in the Peruvian Amazon
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Luiselli, L. M., Hema, E. M., Segniagbeto, G. H., Ouattara, V., Eniang, E. A., Vittorio, M. D., Amadi, N., Parfait, G., Pacini, N., Akani, G. C., et al. (2017) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2017.10.002 · Cited by 64
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“Such rates of environmental loss are expected to have myriad impacts on biodiversity (Maxwell et al., 2016) and ecosystem service provision (Rounsevell et al.”
BackgroundExtent and potential impact of hunting on migratory shorebirds in the Asia-Pacific
Gallo‐Cajiao, E., Morrison, T. H., Woodworth, B. K., Lees, A. C., Naves, L. C., Yong, D., Choi, C., Mundkur, T., Bird, J. P., Jain, A., et al. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108582 · Cited by 64
“Overharvesting is a perennial and pervasive threat to many plant and animal species (Maxwell et al., 2016), yet quantifying harvest levels and their potential population-level impacts remain a major challenge to conservation and management efforts (Joppa et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiodiversity loss through cropland displacement for urban expansion in China
Li, F., Wu, S., Liu, H., & Yan, D. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167988 · Cited by 70
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Biodiversity effects of food system sustainability actions from farm to fork
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The impact of land use on non-native species incidence and number in local assemblages worldwide
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Major roads have important negative effects on insectivorous bat activity
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A pan-African spatial assessment of human conflicts with lions and elephants
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“Wildlife trafficking is increasingly recognized as both a specialized area of organized crime and a significant threat to many plant and animal species [2,34,35].”
BackgroundDisturbance alters the forest soil microbiome
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“Abernethy et al. 2013; Maxwell et al. 2016), representing a major threat to even remote forest areas (Fa et al. 2002; Abernethy et al. 2013).”
BackgroundRedford, K. H., Brooks, T. M., MacFarlane, N., & Adams, J. S. (2019) · doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2019.05.en · Cited by 69
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“The current biodiversity crisis is mainly driven by land-use change (Pereira et al., 2012; Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHeim, N., Fisher, J. T., Clevenger, A. P., Paczkowski, J., & Volpe, J. P. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.3337 · Cited by 65
“Notably although, a recent analysis of threats to species listed under the IUNC revealed that, regardless of the stressor or the species, overexploitation and agriculture have the greatest current impact (Maxwell et al., 2016)—greater than climate change.”
BackgroundForest and connectivity loss simplify tropical pollination networks
Ferreira, P. A., Bôscolo, D., Lopes, L. E., et al. (2020) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04579-7 · Cited by 59
“Biodiversity is currently threatened by ongoing species overexploitation and agriculture expansion (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundFuture climate change vulnerability of endemic island mammals
Leclerc, C., Courchamp, F., & Bellard, C. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18740-x · Cited by 62
Trading Animal Lives: Ten Tricky Issues on the Road to Protecting Commodified Wild Animals
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United States wildlife and wildlife product imports from 2000–2014
Eskew, E. A., White, A. M., Ross, N., Smith, K. M., Smith, K. F., Rodrı́guez, J. P., Zambrana‐Torrelio, C., Karesh, W. B., & Daszak, P. (2020) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0354-5 · Cited by 59
A bird's eye view of farm size and biodiversity: The ecological legacy of the iron curtain
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“Managing species threatened with extinction requires research into species occurrence, population trends and on population responses to changes in the environment, particularly those caused by humans (Balmford et al. 2003; Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundEffects of rarity form on species’ responses to land use
Sykes, L., Santini, L., Etard, A., & Newbold, T. (2019) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13419 · Cited by 64
“Another crucial question is whether interactions between types of rarity similarly affect species sensitivity to other major pressures, such as hunting, climate change, or invasive species (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundFixing our global agricultural system to prevent the next COVID-19
Baudron, F., & Liégeois, F. (2020) · Outlook on Agriculture · doi:10.1177/0030727020931122 · Cited by 68
“threatened or nearly threatened (Maxwell et al., 2016) (crop farming was found to threaten 54% of these species and livestock farming 26%).”
BackgroundForest loss in Indonesian New Guinea (2001–2019): Trends, drivers and outlook
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“In line with patterns seen elsewhere these risks will be further compounded by forest fragmentation, degradation, and increased accessibility (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
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Animal Harms and Food Production: Informing Ethical Choices
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Renewal ecology: conservation for the Anthropocene
Bowman, D. M. J. S., Garnett, S. T., Barlow, S., Bekessy, S. A., Bellairs, S. M., Bishop, M. J., Bradstock, R. A., Jones, D. N., Maxwell, S., Pittock, J., et al. (2017) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.12560 · Cited by 55
Self-citationCommon bats are more abundant within Natura 2000 areas
Kerbiriou, C., Azam, C., Touroult, J., Marmet, J., Julien, J., & Pellissier, V. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.029 · Cited by 55
Global seahorse trade defies export bans under CITES action and national legislation
Foster, S. J., Kuo, T., Wan, A. K. Y., et al. (2019) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.01.014 · Cited by 56
“More than 2,500 animal species listed as threatened or near-threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM (hereafter Red List) in part because they are hunted or fished (Maxwell et al. 2016), and more than 1,000 tree species are threatened by extinction because of the trade in timber (Oldfield 2003).”
BackgroundTrade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes
Macchi, L., Decarre, J., Goijman, A. P., Mastrángelo, M. E., Blendinger, P. G., Gavier-Pizarro, G. I., Murray, F., Rodríguez, M. P., Semper‐Pascual, A., & Kuemmerle, T. (2020) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13699 · Cited by 56
The importance of protected areas for overexploited plants: Evidence from a biodiversity hotspot
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Bibliometric Analysis of the Green Deal Policies in the Food Chain
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“Industrial agriculture has had a significant and unprecedented impact on many rural regions in the last 60 years (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSpecies co-occurrence analysis predicts management outcomes for multiple threats
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Identifying and prioritizing human behaviors that benefit biodiversity
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“The overexploitation of wildlife has long been recognized as one of the leading causes of biodiversity loss globally (Maxwell et al. 2016), having concomitant pervasive impacts of ecosystem structure and functioning (Young et al. 2016).”
BackgroundThreat management priorities for conserving Antarctic biodiversity
Lee, J. R., Terauds, A., Carwardine, J., Shaw, J. D. S., Fuller, R. A., Possingham, H. P., Chown, S. L., Convey, P., Gilbert, N., Hughes, K. A., et al. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001921 · Cited by 55
“5 with the implementation of several management strategies (“Minimise impacts of human activities,” “Manage new infrastructure,” and “Managing and protecting species”) highlighting the lower predicted threats to Antarctic biodiversity in comparison to many regions globally [62], at least in this century.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe threats endangering Australia's at-risk fauna
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“, 1998), although a recent analysis of over 8000 threatened or near-threatened species on the IUCN Red List reported that the greatest threat to biodiversity was biological resource use followed by agriculture (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
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Local communities’ perceptions of wild edible plant and mushroom change: A systematic review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maxwell, S. L., Fuller, R. A., Brooks, T. M., & Watson, J. E. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (CH)
- Wildlife Conservation Society (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maxwell, Sean L.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-08-10
- Volume
- 536
- Issue
- 7615
- Pages
- 143-145
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2510388658
- Cited by
- 1,979
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 250 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 218 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 121.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- biodiversity loss, extinction drivers, IUCN Red List, species endangerment
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Cities, Firearms, Human Activities, Population Dynamics, Extinction, Biological, Endangered Species, Climate Change, Environmental Policy
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