Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers
Open accessIntegrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
6 of 9 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Among plant, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal extinctions since AD 1500, 75% involved overexploitation, agriculture, or both, often alongside invasive aliens.
“Of all the plant, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal species that have gone extinct since ad 1500, 75% were harmed by overexploitation or agricultural activity or both (often in combination with the introduction of invasive alien species 7 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] Bellard, C., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. M. Biol. Lett. 12, 20150623 (2016). source
The Results (section 3; page unavailable) report that, among the 215 extinct species in the five taxa, 58% were affected by biological resource use, 28% by agriculture or aquaculture, and 58% by alien species. They also say species commonly had more than one listed threat, supporting the possibility of combined threats. The paper does not report that 75% were affected by overexploitation or agriculture or establish how often those threats specifically coincided with alien species. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
For many species, the mix of threats that determines extinction risk will shift within the next few decades.
“Finally, the balance of threats driving extinction risk for many of the world's species will change, even over the next few decades 3 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). source
- Premisecitation
Research indicates that Red List categories based on projected climate-change extinction risk are more reliable than earlier believed.
“Finally, studies have shown Red List categorizations reflecting projected extinction risk from climate change to be more robust than was previously thought 6 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Keith, D. A. et al. Conserv. Biol. 28, 810–819 (2014). source
The Introduction (page not supplied) describes earlier doubts about whether Red List criteria can detect climate-change extinction risk. The Factors influencing performance section reports that assessments for later in the twenty-first century were robust to missing data, but the study examined one amphibian species and cautions that early detection can depend on assessing criterion E. The claim overgeneralizes that qualified finding to Red List categorizations broadly. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Effective methods exist to reduce the damage from overexploitation and agriculture.
“Thankfully, there are effective tools and approaches to alleviate harm caused by overexploitation and agricultural activities 8 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Hayward, M. W. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 2563–2573 (2011). source
- Findingcitation
The species groups with complete assessments are not a random selection from the tree of life; they tend to be better studied.
“The comprehensively assessed groups included here are not a random sample from the tree of life 1 , but those that are generally better-studied.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Brooks, T. M. et al. Sci. Data 3, 160007 (2016). source
The Methods section lists particular taxonomic groups with comprehensive assessments and distinguishes them from a separate taxonomically stratified effort intended to be representative. The Data Records section says some assessed groups are better known than others, but it does not establish that comprehensively assessed groups are generally better studied than groups outside that selection. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Climate change is set to grow as a leading threat within the biodiversity crisis.
“Climate change will become an increasingly dominant problem in the biodiversity crisis 3 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says climate change is becoming a significant new threat and describes substantial projected extinction risks. It does not say climate change will become a dominant threat relative to habitat loss, overexploitation and invasive species, which the Results identify as the current dominant stressors. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingnone given
Extinction-risk data exist for just roughly 0.1% of the estimated 50,000-plus fungal species.
“But information on extinction risk has been gathered for only some 0.1% of the more than 50,000 species of fungi thought to exist.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Findingnone given
Logging that is not sustainable is driving declines in over 4,000 species that depend on forests.
“At the same time, unsustainable logging is contributing to the decline of more than 4,000 forest-dependent species, such as the Bornean wren-babbler (Ptilocichla leucogrammica), India's Nicobar shrew (Crocidura nicobarica), and the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Findingown data
More than 4,600 species are under threat from land modification associated with production of food, fodder or fuel crops.
“And the Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) are two of more than 4,600 species currently under threat from land modification associated with the production of food, fodder or fuel crops.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Findingown data
Over 80% of the species in the analysis face more than one major threat.
“More than 80% of species analysed are harmed by more than one sub-class threat.”
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
“In fact, more than 80% of the species included in our analysis are affected by more than one major threat.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
- Findingown data
Over 2,700 species suffer from hunting, fishing, or collection of live specimens for the pet trade.
“These are just three of the more than 2,700 species affected by hunting or fishing, or by people collecting live specimens for the pet trade.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Findingown data
Overexploitation and agriculture are the most prevalent current threats to biodiversity across threat categories and species groups in the analysis.
“The basic message emerging from these data is that whatever the threat category or species group, overexploitation and agriculture have the greatest current impact on biodiversity (see 'Big killers').”
- Also stated in: § ON THE LIST · plain
“Overexploitation and agriculture are the most prevalent threats facing the 8,688 threatened or near-threatened species from comprehensively assessed species groups on the IUCN Red List.”
- Also stated in: § ON THE LIST · boosted
“We found that by far the biggest drivers of biodiversity decline are overexploitation (the harvesting of species from the wild at rates that cannot be compensated for by reproduction or regrowth) and agriculture (the production of food, fodder, fibre and fuel crops; livestock farming; aquaculture; and the cultivation of trees).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Also stated in: § ON THE LIST · plain
- Findingown data
Roughly 72% (6,241) of species in threatened or near-threatened categories are harvested unsustainably for commerce, recreation or subsistence.
“Of the species listed as threatened or near-threatened, 72% (6,241) are being overexploited for commerce, recreation or subsistence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Findingown data
Over 2,300 species are harmed by livestock farming and aquaculture.
“Africa's cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Asia's hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) and South America's huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) are among more than 2,300 species affected by livestock farming and aquaculture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Interpretationreasoning
Unless the species being assessed is long-lived (expected lifespan 30-50 years), projections cover a period during which effects of climate change will be relatively modest.
“Hence, unless the species being assessed is long-lived (with an expected lifespan of 30-50 years, say), projections cover a period during which the effects of climate change, in particular, will be relatively modest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The analysis treats threats as discrete, whereas hazards rarely affect organisms in isolation.
“A second potential limitation of our analysis is that it treats threats as discrete when, in fact, hazards rarely affect organisms in isolation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Roads built for agricultural expansion can raise bush-meat hunting, forest fires and habitat fragmentation.
“And new roads to enable agricultural expansion can increase bush-meat harvesting, the incidence of forest fires and habitat fragmentation 2 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Laurance, W. F., Goosem, M. & Laurance, S. G. W. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 659–669 (2009). source
- Premisecitation
Intact ecosystems are more apt to supply the connectivity and genetic variety that let species adjust to major climate shifts later this century.
“They are also more likely to provide the physical connectivity and genetic diversity needed to enable species to adapt to the large shifts in climate expected later this century 10 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Martin, T. G. & Watson, J. E. M. Nature Clim. Change 6, 122–124 (2016). source
- Interpretationreasoning
The patterns reported do not necessarily extend to taxonomic groups that have not been monitored.
“First, the patterns we report here do not necessarily extend to taxonomic groups that haven't been monitored.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Interpretationreasoning
Preventing today's overexploitation and farming from damaging future ecosystems would ease the challenges of coming climate change.
“Crucially, ensuring that overexploitation and agricultural activities today do not compromise ecosystems tomorrow will help to ameliorate the challenges presented by impending climate change.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
- May combine two claims. 2
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone givenAll known bird species have been assessed.
“All known bird species have been assessed, for instance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given1,688 species are affected by climate change.
“Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) are among the 1,688 species affected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenHuman-driven climate change currently impacts 19% of species in threatened or near-threatened categories.
“Meanwhile, anthropogenic climate change -including increases in storms, flooding, extreme temperatures or drought that exceed background variability, as well as sea-level rise -is currently affecting 19% of species listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone givenIn the northeastern Atlantic Arctic, hooded seal numbers fell by 90% over recent decades.
“These have dropped in abundance by 90% in the northeastern Atlantic Arctic over the past few decades”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenAgricultural expansion and intensification imperil 5,407 species, 62% of threatened or near-threatened species.
“The expansion and intensification of agricultural activity is imperilling 5,407 species -62% of those listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationSince farming and overexploitation often overlap with biodiverse fertile areas, the study's patterns likely apply to many unassessed species.
“Because agricultural activity and overexploitation tend to occur in fertile places with naturally high levels of biodiversity 4 , the patterns emerging from our analysis probably extend to many of the other species that have not yet been assessed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Anderson, B. J. et al. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 888–896 (2009). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningNone of the caveats alter the overall message.
“Yet we do not think that any of these caveats alter the overall message.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
“To assess the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity, we quantified threat information for 8,688 near-threatened or threatened species belonging to species groups in which all known species have been assessed”
The paper relies on this without support.
Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.
“Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Farming contributes substantially to greenhouse-gas emissions.
“Agriculture is a major driver of greenhouse-gas emissions, for example.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human development and population growth will continue and increase the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion.
“But human development and population growth mean that the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion will also increase.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year.
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
The ON THE LIST section reports threats to 8,688 threatened or near-threatened species, and WHAT NEXT? discusses species extinctions since AD 1500. Neither section says that hundreds of species or myriad populations are driven to extinction every year; the annual rate and population-extinction claims are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCombating climate change alone will not be enough to prevent or possibly even slow further biodiversity loss unless damaging land/sea use change and direct exploitation are also tackled with similar ambition and determination.
“Combating climate change alone will not be enough to prevent—or possibly even slow—the further loss of biodiversity, unless damaging land/sea use change and direct exploitation are also tackled with similar ambition and determination (14, 27).”
From The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
According to IUCN Red List data, 2,298 species are adversely affected by biological invasions and diseases.
“2,298 species are adversely affected by biological invasions and diseases”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
According to IUCN Red List data, 1,688 species are adversely affected by climate change.
“and 1,688 by climate change”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
Food demand will further increase, accentuating the negative impacts on biodiversity.
“With a growing and wealthier population, food demand will further increase, accentuating the negative impacts on biodiversity2,3.”
From Farming practices to enhance biodiversity across biomes: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Food systems are a key driver of biodiversity loss worldwide.
“Food systems are a key driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (1).”
From Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Cites
The performance and potential of protected areas
Watson, J. E. M., Dudley, N., Segan, D. B., & Hockings, M. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13947 · Cited by 2,397 · see citing works
Self-citationAlien species as a driver of recent extinctions
Bellard, C., Cassey, P., & Blackburn, T. M. (2016) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests
Laurance, W. F., Goosem, M., & Laurance, S. G. W. (2009) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.009 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Foden, W. B., Butchart, S. H. M., Stuart, S. N., Vié, J.-C., Akçakaya, H. R., Angulo, A., DeVantier, L. M., Gutsche, A., Turak, E., Cao, L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065427 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation
Côté, I. M., Darling, E. S., & Brown, C. J. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2592 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Spatial covariance between biodiversity and other ecosystem service priorities
Anderson, B. J., Armsworth, P. R., Eigenbrod, F., Thomas, C. D., Gillings, S., Heinemeyer, A., Roy, D. B., & Gaston, K. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01666.x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Intact ecosystems provide best defence against climate change
Martin, T. G., & Watson, J. E. M. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2918 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationDetecting Extinction Risk from Climate Change by IUCN Red List Criteria
KEITH, D. A., MAHONY, M., HINES, H., ELITH, J., REGAN, T. J., BAUMGARTNER, J. B., HUNTER, D., HEARD, G. W., MITCHELL, N. J., PARRIS, K. M., et al. (2014) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12234 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Brooks, T. M., Akçakaya, H. R., Burgess, N. D., Butchart, S. H. M., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoffmann, M., Juffe-Bignoli, D., Kingston, N., MacSharry, B., Parr, M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.7 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing the IUCN Red List to determine effective conservation strategies
Hayward, M. W. (2011) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0091-3 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers
Sánchez-Bayo, F., & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 · Cited by 3,462 · see citing works
Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., & Dirzo, R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114 · Cited by 2,663 · see citing works
Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention
Tilman, D., Clark, M., Williams, D. R., Kimmel, K., Polasky, S., & Packer, C. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22900 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities
Persson, L., Carney Almroth, B. M., Collins, C. D., Cornell, S., de Wit, C. A., Diamond, M. L., Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, M. W., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04158 · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
Insect Declines in the Anthropocene
Wagner, D. L. (2019) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025151 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
“Deforestation, conversion of wildlands into agriculture and silviculture, residential and commercial development,and extractive land uses collectively make up the greatest current threat to global biodiversity (84, 107, 118, 201).”
BackgroundThe exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems
Watson, J. E. M., Evans, T., Venter, O., Williams, B. A., TULLOCH, A. I. T., Stewart, C., Thompson, I. D., Ray, J. C., Murray, K. A., Salazar, Á., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0490-x · Cited by 1,210 · see citing works
Self-citationThe direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss
Jaureguiberry, P., Titeux, N., Wiemers, M., Bowler, D. E., Coscieme, L., Golden, A. S., Guerra, C. A., Jacob, U., Takahashi, Y., Settele, J., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm9982 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
“…post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the CBD. Combating climate change alone will not be enough to prevent—or possibly even slow—the further loss of bio-diversity, unless damaging land/sea use change and direct exploitation are also tackled with similar ambition and determination ( 14 , 27 ).”
Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis
Dulvy, N. K., Pacoureau, N., Rigby, C. L., Pollom, R. A., Jabado, R. W., Ebert, D. A., Finucci, B., Pollock, C. M., Cheok, J., Derrick, D. H., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene
Johnson, C. N., Balmford, A. P., Brook, B. W., Buettel, J. C., Galetti, M., Guangchun, L., & Wilmshurst, J. M. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam9317 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy
Leclère, D., Obersteiner, M., Barrett, M., Butchart, S. H. M., Chaudhary, A., De Palma, A., DeClerck, F. A. J., Di Marco, M., Doelman, J. C., Dürauer, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2705-y · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Self-citationA Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets
Dinerstein, E., Vynne, C., Sala, E., Joshi, A. R., Fernando, S., Lovejoy, T. E., Mayorga, J., Olson, D., Asner, G. P., Baillie, J. E. M., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection
Crist, E., Mora, C., & Engelman, R. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal2011 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
“Land conversion for crop and animal agriculture is the chief driver of habitat loss, which, along with direct killing, continues to be the leading threat to biodiversity (48, 52, 69) (Fig.”
BackgroundThe impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations
Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaj1891 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Agricultural and forestry trade drives large share of tropical deforestation emissions
Pendrill, F., Persson, U. M., Godar, J., Kästner, T., Moran, D. D., Schmidt, S., & Wood, R. A. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.03.002 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
“We adjust the smallholder area from Hooijer et al. (2010) downwards so that it matches with data from Miettinen et al. (2016) where they overlap, as Hooijer et al. (2010) label all land classified as mosaics of tree cover, other natural vegetation, and croplands as smallholder area.”
MethodJetz, W., & Pyron, R. A. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0515-5 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Agriculture and climate change are reshaping insect biodiversity worldwide
Outhwaite, C. L., McCann, P., & Newbold, T. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04644-x · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Mapping the global potential for marine aquaculture
Gentry, R. R., Froehlich, H. E., Grimm, D., Kareiva, P., Parke, M. E., Rust, M., Gaines, S. D., & Halpern, B. S. (2017) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0257-9 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Newbold, T. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0792 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity
Sonter, L. J., Dade, M. C., Watson, J. E. M., & Valenta, R. K. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial media data for conservation science: A methodological overview
Toivonen, T., Heikinheimo, V., Fink, C., Hausmann, A., Hiippala, T., Järv, O., Tenkanen, H., & Minin, E. D. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.023 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Global wildlife trade across the tree of life
Scheffers, B. R., Oliveira, B. F., Lamb, I., & Edwards, D. P. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav5327 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Biodiversity at risk under future cropland expansion and intensification
Kehoe, L., Romero-Muñoz, A., Polaina, E., Estes, L., Kreft, H., & Kuemmerle, T. (2017) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0234-3 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Schuster, R. H., Germain, R. R., Bennett, J., Reo, N. J., Secord, D. L., & Arcese, P. (2019) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.002 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Biodiversity and the challenge of pluralism
Pascual, U., Adams, W., Díaz, S., Lele, S., Mace, G., & Turnhout, E. (2021) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00694-7 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science
Sonter, L. J., Ali, S. H., & Watson, J. E. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1926 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, P., Adams, J., Beerling, D. J., Beringer, T., Calvin, K. V., Fuss, S., Griscom, B., Hagemann, N., Kammann, C., Kraxner, F., et al. (2019) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033129 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
“In addition, nitrogen fertilization, as well as use of pesticides, could affect Life on Land negatively (145) (Figure 6).”
BackgroundReductions in global biodiversity loss predicted from conservation spending
Waldron, A., Miller, D. C., Redding, D. W., Mooers, A. Ø., Kuhn, T. S., Nibbelink, N. P., Roberts, J. T., Tobias, J. A., & Gittleman, J. L. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24295 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Food systems for sustainable development: proposals for a profound four-part transformation
Caron, P., Osorio, G. F. Y. D. L., Nabarro, D. N., Hainzelin, E. M., Guillou, M., Andersen, I., Arnold, T., Astralaga, M., Beukeboom, M., Bickersteth, S., et al. (2018) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-018-0519-1 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“…include—firstly—concerns about environmental issues and more specifically to threats regarding species diversity, ecosystem integrity, and ecosystem based services (Conway 1997; Steffen et al. 2015; Maxwell et al. 2016), as well as to related trade-offs (Phalan et al. 2011; Byerlee et al. 2014).”
BackgroundFrey, S., Fisher, J. T., Burton, A. C., & Volpe, J. (2017) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.60 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
“With anthropogenic landscape changes projected to continue globally (Theobald 2005; Seto et al. 2011; Maxwell et al. 2016), focusing research efforts on understanding species spatiotemporal responses to those impacts is vital to sound conservation and management decisions.”
BackgroundGlobal priorities for conserving the evolutionary history of sharks, rays and chimaeras
Stein, R. W., Mull, C. G., Kuhn, T. S., Aschliman, N. C., Davidson, L. N. K., Joy, J. B., Smith, G. J., Dulvy, N. K., & Mooers, A. Ø. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0448-4 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Illegal Wildlife Trade: Scale, Processes, and Governance
Sas‐Rolfes, M. ’., Challender, D. W. S., Hinsley, A., Veríssimo, D., & Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033253 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“The illegal wildlife trade forms a part of a greater complex of patterns and processes driving biodiversity decline (109).”
BackgroundBeckmann, M., Gerstner, K., Akin‐Fajiye, M., Ceaușu, S., Kambach, S., Kinlock, N. L., Phillips, H. R. P., Verhagen, W., Gurevitch, J., Klotz, S., et al. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14606 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Island Biodiversity in the Anthropocene
Russell, J. C., & Kueffer, C. (2019) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033245 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people
Isbell, F. I., Balvanera, P., Mori, A. S., He, J., Bullock, J. M., Regmi, G. R., Seabloom, E. W., Ferrier, S., Sala, O. E., Guerrero‐Ramírez, N. R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.2536 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“Globally, most species are threatened by multiple drivers of biodiversity loss (Maxwell et al .”
Projecting terrestrial biodiversity intactness with GLOBIO 4
Schipper, A. M., Hilbers, J. P., Meijer, J. R., Antão, L. H., Benítez‐López, A., de Jonge, M. M. J., Leemans, L. H., Scheper, E., Alkemade, R., Doelman, J., et al. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14848 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“This is line with other recent analyses that ranked pressures affecting community composition and spe‐ cies' populations (IPBES, 2019; Maxwell et al., 2016; Newbold, 2018).”
ResultInvasive alien species on islands: impacts, distribution, interactions and management
Russell, J., Meyer, J.-Y., Holmes, N., & Pagad, S. (2017) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892917000297 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“We discuss the interactions of IASs with the other global change threats identified by Maxwell et al. (2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe environmental footprint of global food production
Halpern, B. S., Frazier, M. R., Verstaen, J., Rayner, P.-E., Clawson, G., Blanchard, J. L., Cottrell, R. S., Froehlich, H. E., Gephart, J. A., Jacobsen, N. S., et al. (2022) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00965-x · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Contu, S., Hill, S. L. L., Beck, J., Liu, Y., Meyer, C., Phillips, H. R. P., Scharlemann, J. P. W., & Purvis, A. (2018) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006841 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“Land use is currently among the predominant pressures on biodiversity globally [4], with substantial net losses of species in land-use types dominated by human activities [5].”
BackgroundBiodiversity policy beyond economic growth
Otero, I., Farrell, K. N., Pueyo, S., Kallis, G., Kehoe, L. J., Haberl, H., Plutzar, C., Hobson, P., Márquez, J. R. G., Rodríguez‐Labajos, B., et al. (2020) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12713 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“…(Videira, Schneider, Sekulova, & Kallis, 2014)—and by limiting the expansion of large infrastructures, which not only enhance the extractive capacity of nations (Krausmann et al., 2017) but also represent a direct threat to biodiversity (Ibisch et al., 2016; Maxwell et al., 2016; Table S5 in SM2).”
BackgroundThe threat of invasive species to IUCN-listed critically endangered species: A systematic review
Dueñas, M., Hemming, D. J., Roberts, A., & Díaz‐Soltero, H. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01476 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
A Global Mitigation Hierarchy for Nature Conservation
Arlidge, W. N. S., Bull, J. W., Addison, P., Burgass, M. J., Gianuca, D., Gorham, T., Jacob, C., Shumway, N., Sinclair, S. P., Watson, J. E. M., et al. (2018) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biy029 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“The direct extraction of biological resources is the dominant driver of current species loss (Maxwell et al. 2016), but the practical application of the mitigation hierarchy to the biological resource use sectors has received little attention (but see Aiama et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiodiversity–multifunctionality relationships depend on identity and number of measured functions
Meyer, S. T., Ptáčník, R., Hillebrand, H., Beßler, H., Buchmann, N., Ebeling, A., Eisenhauer, N., Engels, C., Fischer, M., Halle, S., et al. (2017) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0391-4 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Proactive conservation to prevent habitat losses to agricultural expansion
Williams, D., Clark, M., Buchanan, G. M., Ficetola, G. F., Rondinini, C., & Tilman, D. G. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-00656-5 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Agroforestry Can Enhance Food Security While Meeting Other Sustainable Development Goals
Waldron, A., Garrity, D. P., Malhi, Y. S., Girardin, C. A. J., Miller, D. C., & Nathalie Seddon, A. (2017) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/1940082917720667 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Quantifying Biodiversity Losses Due to Human Consumption: A Global-Scale Footprint Analysis
Wilting, H. C., Schipper, A. M., Bakkenes, M., Meijer, J. R., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05296 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Ward, M., Saura, S., Williams, B. A., Ramírez‐Delgado, J. P., Arafeh‐Dalmau, N., Allan, J. R., Venter, O., Dubois, G., & Watson, J. E. M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18457-x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets
Lachat, C., Raneri, J. E., Smith, K. W., Kolsteren, P., Van Damme, P., Verzelen, K., Penafiel, D., Vanhove, W., Kennedy, G., Hunter, D., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1709194115 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“F systems are a key driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (1).”
BackgroundImpacts of wildlife trade on terrestrial biodiversity
Morton, O., Scheffers, B. R., Haugaasen, T., & Edwards, D. P. (2021) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01399-y · Cited by 242 · see citing works
A global map of terrestrial habitat types
Jung, M., Dahal, P. R., Butchart, S. H. M., Donald, P. F., Lamo, X. D., Lesiv, M., Kapos, V., Rondinini, C., & Visconti, P. (2020) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00599-8 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss
Caro, T., Rowe, Z. W., Berger, J., Wholey, P., & Dobson, A. P. (2022) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12868 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Global mismatch of policy and research on drivers of biodiversity loss
Mazor, T., Doropoulos, C., Schwarzmueller, F., Gladish, D. W., Kumaran, N., Merkel, K., Di Marco, M., & Gagic, V. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0563-x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade
Marshall, B. M., Strine, C. T., & Hughes, A. C. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18523-4 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Worldwide research trends on sustainable land use in agriculture
Sánchez, J. Á. A., Rodríguez, M. P., Muñoz, J. F. V., & Manzano-Agugliaro, F. R. (2019) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104069 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Messaging matters: A systematic review of the conservation messaging literature
Kidd, L. R., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Mills, M., Camilleri, A. R., Fidler, F. M., Fielding, K. S., Ascelin Gordon, A., Gregg, E. A., Kusmanoff, A. M., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.020 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Environmental destruction not avoided with the Sustainable Development Goals
Zeng, Y., Maxwell, S., Runting, R. K., Venter, O., Watson, J. E. M., & Carrasco, L. R. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0555-0 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationSymes, W. S., Edwards, D. P., Miettinen, J., Rheindt, F. E., & Carrasco, L. R. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06579-2 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The ecological outcomes of biodiversity offsets under “no net loss” policies: A global review
zu Ermgassen, S., Baker, J., Griffiths, R. A., Strange, N., Struebig, M. J., & Bull, J. W. (2019) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12664 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Kong, L., Zhang, L., & Ouyang, Z. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105536 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation
Durant, S. M., Mitchell, N., Groom, R. J., Pettorelli, N., Ipavec, A., Jacobson, A. P., Woodroffe, R., Böhm, M., Hunter, L., Becker, M. S., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1611122114 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“…in threat assessment are particularly problematic for large terrestrial mammals, which can be especially vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, human – wildlife conflict, illegal wildlife trade, and overharvesting for bushmeat or traditional use (5 – 7).”
Avoiding ocean mass extinction from climate warming
Penn, J., & Deutsch, C. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe9039 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The global extent of biodiversity offset implementation under no net loss policies
Bull, J. W., & Strange, N. (2018) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0176-z · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“We excluded any so-called offset projects that were not associated, either explicitly or implicitly, with an NNL objective; that is, they: (1) provide additional substitution or replacement for unavoidable negative impacts of human activity on biodiversity; (2) involve measurable, comparable biodiversity losses and ga…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPeng, Z., Qian, X., Liu, Y., Li, X., Gao, H., An, Y., Qi, J., Jiang, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47348-8 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Using conservation science to advance corporate biodiversity accountability
Addison, P., Bull, J. W., & Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2018) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13190 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“…where it is needed most: helping hone attention to operations that pose the greatest impact on biodiversity (e.g., agriculture and extractives; Maxwell et al. 2016); and direct corporate action in conservation priority areas by avoiding impacting the most threatened species and ecosystems…”
BackgroundPe’er, G., Zinngrebe, Y. M., Hauck, J., Schindler, S., Dittrich, A., Zingg, S., Tscharntke, T., Oppermann, R., Sutcliffe, L., Sirami, C., et al. (2016) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12333 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“The ongoing decline in biodiversity in and around farmland is a source of major concern both in Europe (EEA 2015) and globally (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundWoinarski, J. C. Z., Braby, M. F., Burbidge, A. A., Coates, D., Garnett, S. T., Fensham, R. J., Legge, S., McKenzie, N. L., Silcock, J. L., & Murphy, B. P. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108261 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Püttker, T., Crouzeilles, R., Almeida‐Gomes, M., Schmoeller, M., Maurenza, D., Alves-Pinto, H., Pardini, R., Vieira, M. V., Banks-Leite, C., Fonseca, C. R., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108368 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Overcoming the Data Crisis in Biodiversity Conservation
Kindsvater, H. K., Dulvy, N. K., Horswill, C., Juan‐Jordá, M. J., Mangel, M., & Matthiopoulos, J. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.06.004 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology
Chase, J. M., Jeliazkov, A., Ladouceur, E. R., & Viana, D. S. (2020) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14378 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Are we eating the world's megafauna to extinction?
Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Betts, M. G., Ceballos, G., Courchamp, F., Hayward, M. W., Valkenburgh, B. V., Wallach, A. D., & Worm, B. (2019) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12627 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Sirami, C., Caplat, P., Popy, S., et al. (2016) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12555 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“This is likely to divert funds and efforts away from more immediate conservation priorities (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWatson, J. E. M., Jones, K. R., Fuller, R. A., Marco, M. D., Segan, D. B., Butchart, S. H. M., Allan, J. R., McDonald‐Madden, E., & Venter, O. (2016) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12295 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“We note that the presence of a human pressure and its actual impact on biodiversity is assumed, but these pressures are considered among the greatest threats to biodiversity (Maxwell et al. 2016), and previous analyses have shown the Human Footprint is an important predictor of extinction risk (Di Marco et al.”
ResultSelf-citationGlobal correlates of range contractions and expansions in terrestrial mammals
Pacifici, M., Rondinini, C., Rhodes, J. R., Burbidge, A. A., Cristiano, A., Watson, J. E. M., Woinarski, J. C. Z., & Di Marco, M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16684-w · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationHorváth, Z., Ptáčník, R., Vad, C. F., & Chase, J. M. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13260 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Habitat loss and fragmentation are among the most important causes of decline in global biodiversity (Wilson 1988; Hanski 2005; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundHotspots of human impact on threatened terrestrial vertebrates
Allan, J. R., Watson, J. E. M., Marco, M. D., O’Bryan, C. J., Possingham, H. P., Atkinson, S., & Venter, O. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000158 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Although these do not include all threats to species, they do include all of the most prevalent drivers of global biodiversity decline [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDecoupling livestock from land use through industrial feed production pathways
Pikaar, I., Matassa, S., Bodirsky, B. L., Weindl, I., Humpenöder, F., Rabaey, K., Boon, N., Bruschi, M., Yuan, Z., van Zanten, H., et al. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00216 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Ingram, D. J., Coad, L., Milner‐Gulland, E. J., Parry, L., Wilkie, D. S., Bakarr, M. I., Benítez‐López, A., Bennett, E. L., Bodmer, R. E., Cowlishaw, G., et al. (2021) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-041020-063132 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“It has been estimated to affect a fifth of Red List Threatened species (12) and, coupled with habitat degradation, has led to widespread defaunation and extinctions (13, 14).”
A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research
Eisenhauer, N., Schielzeth, H., Barnes, A. D., Barry, K. E., Bonn, A., Brose, U., Bruelheide, H., Buchmann, N., Buscot, F., Ebeling, A., et al. (2019) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.001 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Ecosystem consequences of herbicides: the role of microbiome
Ruuskanen, S., Fuchs, B., NISSINEN, R. M., et al. (2022) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.009 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Global effects of land use on biodiversity differ among functional groups
Newbold, T., Bentley, L., Hill, S. L. L., Edgar, M. J., Horton, M., Su, G., Sekercioglu, C. H., Collen, B., & Purvis, A. (2020) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13500 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“This result 295 could be a signal of hunting by humans, which is a major pressure particularly on vertebrate 296 biodiversity (Maxwell et al., 2016), and which may be facilitated by the increased 297 accessibility to human-used areas.”
BackgroundRange size predicts the risk of local extinction from habitat loss
Staude, I. R., Navarro, L. M., & Pereira, H. M. (2019) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13003 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Bretagnolle, V., Berthet, E. T. A., Gross, N., Gauffre, B., Plumejeaud-Perreau, C., Houte, S., Badenhausser, I., Monceau, K., Allier, F., Monestiez, P., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.142 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Land-use changes and the direct exploitation of natural resources are the determining factors of the current biodiversity crisis (Maxwell et al., 2016), threatening biodiversity and the essential ecosystem functions and services that underpin human wellbeing (Newbold et al.”
BackgroundEffects of anthropogenic disturbances on bird functional diversity: A global meta-analysis
Matuoka, M. A., Benchimol, M., de Almeida‐Rocha, J. M., & Morante‐Filho, J. C. (2020) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106471 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites
Allan, J. R., Venter, O., Maxwell, S., Bertzky, B., Jones, K. R., Shi, Y., & Watson, J. E. M. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.011 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationMadagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Threats and opportunities
Ralimanana, H., Perrigo, A., Smith, R. J., Borrell, J. S., Faurby, S., Rajaonah, M. T., Randriamboavonjy, T., Vorontsova, M. S., Cooke, R., Phelps, L. N., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adf1466 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Necessity of Multitrophic Approaches in Community Ecology
Seibold, S., Cadotte, M. W., MacIvor, J. S., Thorn, S., & Müller, J. C. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.07.001 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Adapting systematic conservation planning for climate change
Reside, A. E., Butt, N., & Adams, V. M. (2017) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-017-1442-5 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Conservation measures are currently inadequate for stemming biodiversity decline, and many of the threats to biodiversity are ongoing (Maxwell et al. 2016; Visconti et al. 2016).”
BackgroundBiodiversity conservation as a promising frontier for behavioural science
Nielsen, K. S., Marteau, T. M., Bauer, J. M., Bradbury, R. B., Broad, S., Burgess, G., Burgman, M. A., Byerly, H., Clayton, S., Espelosin, D., et al. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01109-5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Legagneux, P., Casajus, N., Cazelles, K., Chevallier, C., Chevrinais, M., Guéry, L., Jacquet, C., Jaffré, M., Naud, M., Noisette, F., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00175 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future
Nishida, Y., Berg, P., Shakersain, B., Hecht, K. A., Takikawa, A., Tao, R., Kakuta, Y., Uragami, C., Hashimoto, H., Misawa, N., et al. (2023) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md21100514 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Mukul, S. A., Alamgir, M., Sohel, M. S. I., PERT, P. L., Herbohn, J., Turton, S. M., Khan, M. S. I., Munim, S. A., Reza, A. H. M. A., & Laurance, W. F. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.383 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Further evidence for a global decline of the entomofauna
Sánchez‐Bayo, F., & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2020) · Austral Entomology · doi:10.1111/aen.12509 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Other sources of evidence suggest that insect declines are likely to be more dramatic in tropical regions (Janzen and Hallwachs 2019), where rampant deforestation and surging levels of pesticide use in agriculture certainly exert disproportionately negative impacts on insect populations (Pretty and Bharucha 2015; Maxw…”
BackgroundRanking threats to biodiversity and why it doesn’t matter
Bellard, C., Marino, C., & Courchamp, F. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30339-y · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Final countdown for biodiversity hotspots
Habel, J. C., Rasche, L., Schneider, U. A., Engler, J. O., Schmid, E., Rödder, D., Meyer, S. T., Trapp, N., Diego, R. S. D., Eggermont, H., et al. (2019) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12668 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Assessing consumer trends and illegal activity by monitoring the online wildlife trade
Sung, Y., & Fong, J. J. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.025 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Exploiting ecosystem services in agriculture for increased food security
Bommarco, R., Vico, G., & Hallin, S. (2018) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2018.04.001 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Achieving conservation impact by shifting focus from human attitudes to behaviors
Nilsson, D., Fielding, K. S., & Dean, A. J. (2019) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13363 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Illegal wildlife trade, deforestation, and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources are just some examples of human activities that threaten biodiversity (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundPrévot, A., Cheval, H., Raymond, R., & Cosquer, A. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.008 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Anthropogenic range contractions bias species climate change forecasts
Faurby, S., & Araújo, M. B. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0089-x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“For distance-based criteria, the pseudo-absences were categorized as either (1) cells without a presence record, (2) cells without any records or whose center was part of the range polygon (with the IUCN ranges used for current range and ranges from ref.”
MethodClimate change drives mountain butterflies towards the summits
Rödder, D., Schmitt, T., Gros, P., Ulrich, W., & Habel, J. C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93826-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Bogoni, J. A., Peres, C. A., & Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72010-w · Cited by 138 · see citing works
- Authors
- Maxwell, S. L., Fuller, R. A., Brooks, T. M., & Watson, J. E. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (CH)
- Wildlife Conservation Society (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maxwell, Sean L.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-08-10
- Volume
- 536
- Issue
- 7615
- Pages
- 143-145
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2510388658
- Cited by
- 1,979
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 250 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 218 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 121.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- biodiversity loss, extinction drivers, IUCN Red List, species endangerment
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Cities, Firearms, Human Activities, Population Dynamics, Extinction, Biological, Endangered Species, Climate Change, Environmental Policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-02.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-02.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
