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Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition
Abstract
Expertise with unfamiliar objects ('greebles') recruits face-selective areas in the fusiform gyrus (FFA) and occipital lobe (OFA). Here we extend this finding to other homogeneous categories. Bird and car experts were tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging during tasks with faces, familiar objects, cars and birds. Homogeneous categories activated the FFA more than familiar objects. Moreover, the right FFA and OFA showed significant expertise effects. An independent behavioral test of expertise predicted relative activation in the right FFA for birds versus cars within each group. The results suggest that level of categorization and expertise, rather than superficial properties of objects, determine the specialization of the FFA.
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“However, this process may nevertheless be deployed (and, thus, the FFA activated) for the purpose of individuating members of other homogenous categories, as occurs when perceivers acquire unusual visual expertise (e.g., avid bird watchers; Gauthier et al. 2000).”
From Activity in Right Temporo-Parietal Junction is Not Selective for Theory-of-Mind (2008) · cites this paper as Gauthier et al. 2000
In the citing paper
“As reported by Kanwisher [2000], Gauthier et al. [2000] were able to identify an FFA in only 5 of 19 participants when using the criteria adopted by the Kanwisher group forfunctionally defining this region.”
From Activity in Right Temporo-Parietal Junction is Not Selective for Theory-of-Mind (2008) · cites this paper as Gauthier et al. [2000]
In the citing paper
“These processing benefits are linked to functional reorganizations in the response properties of a region of the right fusiform gyrus [32], which are also associated with changes in the response properties of ERPs recorded within the first 200 ms of processing stimuli [33].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [32]
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“On the other hand, neural responses in these ventral areas were found to decrease or did not change after object training (Gauthier et al., 2000; Harley et al., 2009; Op de Beeck et al., 2006; Yue, Tjan, & Biederman, 2006).”
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“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 02 February 2012 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00400 Differing processing abilities for specific face properties in mid-childhood and adulthood”
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“Some researchers propose functionally specialized centers such as the fusi-form face area (Kanwisher, McDermott, & Chun, 1997) whereas others propose process-driven expertise with categories drive neural specialization (Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore, & Anderson, 2000).”
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“We chose cars for this test because they have been widely used in previous work testing the expertise hypothesis, 1,16,17 they generate some of the largest inversion effects seen in nonface stimuli, 18 and they do not have or resemble faces, which has been a concern about some of the prior tests of…”
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“Moreover, it is in line with theories of perceptual expertise that argue that skilled processing of certain classes of visual stimuli drives the tuning of perceptual mechanisms towards those forms ( Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore, & Anderson, 2000; McCandliss, Cohen, & Dehaene, 2003; Tanaka & Curran, 2001; Tarr & Gauthier…”
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“In addition, the cortical regions involved in task performance may change with expertise (Gauthier et al., 2000; Sigman and Gilbert, 2000; Walsh et al., 1998) such that there are fewer active regions once a task is automated than when it is novel (Petersen et al., 1998).”
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“The fusiform gyrus has been implicated in subordinate classification of faces [22], and it exhibits selective activity when radiologists view scans [16] and when birders and car experts perceive birds and cars [13].”
BackgroundTMS over right OFA affects individuation of faces but not of exemplars of objects
Bona, S., Silvanto, J., & Cattaneo, Z. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.024 · Cited by 14
“Gauthier et al.’s noted though that OFA and FFA responses reflected observers’ expertise with the stimuli presented: indeed, FFA was found to show a robust response to birds and cars only in participants who were expert in these classes of stimuli (Gauthier et al., 2000b; but see Grill-Spector, Knouf, & Kanwisher, 200…”
InfluentialHagen, S., & Tanaka, J. W. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.005 · Cited by 14
“T homogenous), for which expertise at within-category discrimination exists (e.g., Bukach et al., 2006; Tarr and Gauthier, 2000).”
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“Cognitive processes and cortical representations related to visual expertise are being increasingly explored and compared with face expertise (see [2,3] for different points of view on the participants), whereas studies of expertise in the auditory domain are comparatively rare.”
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“Activity in FFA in response to non-face objects predicts behavioral performance with these non-face objects, whether they are birds, cars, planes, radiographs, or chess displays (Gauthier et al., 2000; Xu 2005; Harley et al., 2009; Harel et al., 2010; Bilalic et al., 2011).”
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“For example, researchers have shown activity in this area when car experts were identifying cars and bird experts were identifying birds, but not vice versa [8].”
BackgroundSeparate and Shared Neural Basis of Face Memory and Face Perception in Developmental Prosopagnosia
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Effects of Expertise on the Cognitive and Neural Processes Involved in Musical Appreciation
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“According to the expertise hypothesis, general-purpose brain regions become specialized for objects of expertise indexed by neural responses such as the N170 (Hole 1994) and blood oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the inferior temporal cortex (Gauthier et al. 2000).”
Jung, W. H., Lee, T. Y., Yoon, Y. B., Choi, C., & Kwon, J. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00319 · Cited by 13
Ficco, L., Müller, V. I., Kaufmann, J. M., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2022) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12595 · Cited by 16
Yovel, G., Grosbard, I. D., & Abudarham, N. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0093 · Cited by 14
“Bird species [37 – 40] and individual birds [17] were both used to study perceptual expertise in humans.”
BackgroundNeural substrates in color processing: A comparison between painting majors and non-majors
Long, Z., Peng, D., Chen, K., Jin, Z. H., & Yao, L. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.020 · Cited by 13
Entre neurosciences et neurophilosophie: la psychologie cognitive et les sciences cognitives
Tiberghien, G. (2007) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2007.05.001 · Cited by 18
“Mais d’autres recherches (Farah et al., 1998 ; Gauthier et al., 2000) ont aussi montré que cette région était activée dans la reconnaissance experte d’objets différents des visages (voitures, bâtiments, animaux, etc.).”
BackgroundTask- and Experience-dependent Cortical Selectivity to Features Informative for Categorization
van der Linden, M., Wegman, J., & Fernández, G. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00484 · Cited by 13
Neural signatures of chronic accessibility in parent – adult child attachment bonds
Laurita, A. C., Hazan, C., & Spreng, R. N. (2018) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2018.1494037 · Cited by 13
Guilbert, D., Most, S. B., & Curby, K. M. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1637333 · Cited by 14
Familiar faces as islands of expertise
Hancock, P. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104765 · Cited by 13
The Role of Gaze Direction in Face Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Zaki, S. R., & Johnson, S. A. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1292 · Cited by 17
Neural correlates of temporal integration in face recognition: An fMRI study
Lee, Y., Anaki, D., Grady, C. L., & Moscovitch, M. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.073 · Cited by 13
Qualitative Differences in the Representation of Spatial Relations for Different Object Classes.
Cooper, E. E., & Brooks, B. E. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.2.243 · Cited by 13
Lederman, S. J., Kilgour, A. R., Kitada, R., Klatzky, R. L., & Hamilton, C. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cjep2007024 · Cited by 13
Toelle, B. G. (2005) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2004.038331 · Cited by 13
Goldstone, R. L., Kersten, A. W., & Carvalho, P. F. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop204022 · Cited by 13
Distributed representations of behavior-derived object dimensions in the human visual systemPreprint
Contier, O., Baker, C. I., & Hebart, M. N. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.553812 · Cited by 13
“…tuning gradient for animate versus inanimate objects 29 , while dimensions like “head-related” and “body-part related” differentiate the regional selectivity for faces and body parts in the fusiform face area (FFA), occipital face area (OFA), and extrastriate body area (EBA), respectively 6,7,67 .”
Zhang, T., Gao, J. S., Çukur, T., & Gallant, J. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.565976 · Cited by 14
“The “human presence” dimension projects heavily onto FFA (Kanwisher et al., 1997), OFA (Gauthier et al., 2000), and EBA (Downing et al., 2001), functional areas that represent faces and/or body parts.”
BackgroundThe spatiotemporal characteristics of N170s for faces and words: A meta‐analysis study
Nan, W., Liu, Y., Zeng, X., Wei-bin, Y., Liang, J., Lan, Y., & Fu, S. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.511 · Cited by 16
Chai, W., Zhang, P., Zhang, X., Wu, J., Chen, C., Li, F., Xie, X., Shi, G., Liang, J., Zhu, C., et al. (2024) · Neurophotonics · doi:10.1117/1.nph.11.1.015002 · Cited by 13
“13,19,26,27 Data analysis of the fNIRS recordings was conducted using the general linear model.”
BackgroundMethodPersonalizing human avatars based on realistic 3D facial reconstruction
Ding, Y., He, H., & Mok, P. Y. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-19583-0 · Cited by 13
“Second, a face can represent multiple facial attributes, such as identity, gender, age, expression, and so on, which is different from common objects that mainly present one key attribute [13].”
Harel, A., & Shlomo Bentin, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067024 · Cited by 12
“[8] (see details below), and an additional semantic task that was aimed at assessing the extent of their knowledge and familiarity with the cars presented in the model recognition task (not reported here).”
Duchaine, B., & Yovel, G. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00334-0 · Cited by 13
The face inversion effect or the face upright effect?
Gerlach, C., Kühn, C. D., Mathiassen, A. B., Kristensen, C. L., & Starrfelt, R. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105335 · Cited by 12
“However, even in this case it is not unlikely that objects are encoded differently than faces in the study phase because faces are generally sought to be classified at the subordinate (identity) level whereas objects may not be (Tarr & Gauthier, 2000).”
BackgroundA Developmental Perspective on Modularity
Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (2009) · On thinking · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03129-8_12 · Cited by 12
“The so-called specialised face area in the fusiform gyrus, which becomes face sensitive over developmental time (Cohen-Kadosh and Johnson 2007; Johnson and de Haan 2001), has been shown also to be active even in adults for processing other domains of expertise when repeated training is given ( Gauthier et al. 2000 ).”
BackgroundDeficits in face perception in the amnestic form of mild cognitive impairment
Lim, T. S., Lee, H. Y., Barton, J. J. S., & Moon, S. Y. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.001 · Cited by 13
Neural correlates of face gender discrimination learning
Su, J., Tan, Q., & Fang, F. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3396-x · Cited by 12
“But others found that neural responses in these areas decreased or did not change after object training (Gauthier et al. 2000; Op de Beeck et al. 2006; Yue et al. 2006; Harley et al. 2009).”
BackgroundWong, A. C. ‐., & Wong, Y. K. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00308 · Cited by 12
“PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE RESEARCHERS DO EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF ATTENTIONAL AND HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE FACTORS IN EXPERTISE ACQUISITION AND EXPRESSION Harel et al. (2013) states that according to perceptual expertise researchers, “expert processing. . . is automatic and stimulusdriven, with little impact of attentional, tas…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 191-197
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2126883639
- Cited by
- 1,418
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 28.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01mh056037-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 56037)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 33332, R01NS033332)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- face recognition (cognition), fusiform gyrus, occipital face area, Greebles, face-selective areas, right hemisphere, object recognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Automobiles, Birds, Brain Mapping, Data Display, Face, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Professional Competence, Task Performance and Analysis, Temporal Lobe
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