Racial differences in melanoma incidence

Crombie, I K

doi:10.1038/bjc.1979.165

Cited by 124Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and ManagementGlobal Cancer Incidence and Screeningmelanin and skin pigmentation

Racial differences in melanoma incidence

Open access

Crombie, I K·1979·British Journal of Cancer

DOI 10.1038/bjc.1979.165PMC PMC2010011

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The incidences of malignant melanoma recorded by 59 population-based cancer registries were investigated to determine the effects of racial and skin-colour differences. White populations exhibited a wide range of melanoma incidences and females commonly, though not invariably, had a higher incidence than males. Non-white populations experienced in general a much lower incidence of melanoma although there was some overlap of white and non-white rates. No predominant sex difference emerged among non-whites. Populations of African descent were found to have a higher incidence than those of Asiatic origin, but it was concluded that this was due largely to the high frequency of tumours among Africans on the sole of the foot. A clear negative correlation between degree of skin pigmentation and melanoma incidence emerged for the exposed body sites. These data provide strong support for the hypotheses that UV radiation is a major cause of malignant melanoma and that melanin pigmentation protects against it. Further research is required to elucidate the aetiology of melanoma of the sole of the foot.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/bjc.1979.165

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Melanoma is associated with UV light exposure and European ancestry, occurring at very low rates in Africans, African Americans, and light-skinned Asians.
“Incidentally, melanoma is not only associated with UV light exposure but also with European ancestry, occurring at very low rates in Africans, African Americans, and even light-skinned Asians (32)(33)(34).”
From Evidence for recent, population-specific evolution of the human mutation rate (2015) · cites this paper as [32]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cancer Incidence in Five Continents
(1966) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85849-9 · Cited by 5,936 · see citing works
Cancer mortality for selected sites in 24 countries
栗原, 登., & 瀬木, 三. (1960) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Quantitative and Qualitative Data on the Pigment Cells of Adult Human Epidermis1
Staricco, R. J., & Pinkus, H. (1957) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1957.4 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Racial differences in the fate of melanosomes in human epidermis
SZABÓ, G., GERALD, A. B., PATHAK, M. A., & FITZPATRICK, T. B. (1969) · Nature · doi:10.1038/2221081a0 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
SOME GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE MORTALITY FROM MELANOMA IN EUROPEANS
Lancaster, H. O. (1956) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1956.tb36084.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Alteration of Racial Differences in Melanosome Distribution in Human Epidermis after Exposure to Ultraviolet Light
TODA, K., Pathak, M. A., Parrish, J. A., Fitzpatrick, T. B., & Quevedo, W. C. (1972) · Nature New Biology · doi:10.1038/newbio236143a0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Relationship of Melanoma and other Skin Cancer Mortality to Latitude and Ultraviolet Radiation in the United States and Canada
Elwood, M., LEE, J. A. H., Walter, S. D., Mo, T., & Green, A. E. S. (1974) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/3.4.325 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
SUNLIGHT AS A CAUSE OF MELANOMA: A CLINICAL SURVEY
Nelson, H., & Nelson, J. (1957) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1957.tb59648.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Skin cancer in black patients
Fleming, I. D., Barnawell, J. R., Burlison, P. E., & Rankin, J. S. (1975) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197503)35:3 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma. A controlled study of possibly associated factors
Gellin, G. A. (1969) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.99.1.43 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma in Uganda. (The relationship between pigmentation and malignant melanoma on the soles of the feet).
Lewis, M. (1967) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1967.56 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
MALIGNANT MELANOMA IN QUEENSLAND ANALYSIS OF 400 SKIN LESIONS
Davis, N., Herron, J. J., & McLeod, G. R. (1966) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(66)92715-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Effect of Prolonged Solar Radiation on Melanocytes of the Human Epidermis
Mitchell, R. E. (1963) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1963.97 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO MELANOMA AND OTHER SKIN CANCERS IN AUSTRALIANS
Brown, M. M. L., Sharpe, C. A. B., MacMillan, D. S., & McGovern, V. J. (1971) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1971.tb87892.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Tumors of the adrenal cortex
Harrison, J. H., Mahoney, E. M., & Bennett, A. H. (1973) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197311)32:5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Comparison of Skin Color with Melanin Content1
Gates, R. R., & Zimmermann, A. (1953) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1953.114 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Incidence of and Mortality From Malignant Melanoma by Anatomical Site
Lee, J. A. H., & Yongchaiyudha, S. (1971) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/47.1.253 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma in Uganda.
Kiryabwire, J., Lewis, M. G., Jl, Z., & Loefler, I. J. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cutaneous Cancer in Dakar
Camain, R., TUYNS, A. J., Sarrat, H., Quenum, C., & Faye, I. (1972) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/48.1.33 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Malignant Melanoma Among Negroes and Latin Americans in Texas
Macdonald, E. J. (1959) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2888-4.50016-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ethnic Pigmentation. Historical, Physiological and Clinical Aspects.
(1975) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-82-6-864_2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Carcinomas and malignant melanomas of the skin in Western India.
Jc, P., Gv, T., & Gangadharan, P. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease
Taylor, S. C. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.120790 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
The melanomas: a synthesis of epidemiological, clinical, histopathological, genetic, and biological aspects, supporting distinct subtypes, causal pathways, and cells of origin
Whiteman, D. C., Pavan, W. J., & Bastian, B. C. (2011) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00880.x · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Ultraviolet Radiations: Skin Defense-Damage Mechanism
Mohania, D., Chandel, S. R., Kumar, P., Verma, V., Digvijay, K., Tripathi, D., Choudhury, K., Mitten, S. K., & Shah, D. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_7 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Population-Based Incidence of Uveal Melanoma in Various Races and Ethnic Groups
Hu, D.-N., Yu, G.-P., McCormick, S. A., Schneider, S., & Finger, P. T. (2005) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.034 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Pigmentation and skin reaction to sun as risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study.
Elwood, M., Gallagher, R. P., Hill, G. B., Spinelli, J. J., Pearson, J. C. G., & Threlfall, W. J. (1984) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6411.99 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Sun Exposure Habits in Patients with Cutaneous Melanoma: A Case Control Study
Lew, R., Sober, A. J., Cook, N. R., Marvell, R., & Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1983) · The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1983.tb01051.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Association of UV Index, Latitude, and Melanoma Incidence in Nonwhite Populations—US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, 1992 to 2001
Eide, M. J., & Weinstock, M. A. (2005) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.141.4.477 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Evidence for recent, population-specific evolution of the human mutation rate
Harris, K. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1418652112 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Risk Factors for the Development of Malignant Melanoma—I: Review of Case‐Control Studies
EVANS, R. D., Kopf, A. W., Lew, R., Rigel, D. S., Bart, R. S., Friedman, R. J., & Rivers, J. K. (1988) · The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1988.tb03373.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
A case-control study of the possible association between oral contraceptives and malignant melanoma
Adam, S. A., Sheaves, J. K., Wright, N. H., Mosser, G., Harris, R. W., & Vessey, M. P. (1981) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1981.145 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Variation of melanoma incidence with latitude in North America and Europe
Crombie, I. K. (1979) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1979.260 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citation
Advances in the Understanding of Skin Cancer: Ultraviolet Radiation, Mutations, and Antisense Oligonucleotides as Anticancer Drugs
Laikova, K. V., Oberemok, V. V., Krasnodubets, A. M., Gal’chinsky, N. V., Useinov, R. Z., Novikov, I. A., Temirova, Z. Z., Владимирович, Г. М., Shved, N. A., Kumeiko, V. V., et al. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24081516 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sun and malignant melanoma
Kopf, A. W., Kripke, M. L., & Stern, R. S. (1984) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(84)70225-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Thickness of Malignant Melanoma: Global Analysis of Related Factors
Kopf, A. W., Welkovich, B., Frankel, R. E., STOPPELMANN, E. J., Bart, R. S., Rogers, G. S., Rigel, D. S., Friedman, R. J., Levenstein, M. J., Gumport, S. L., et al. (1987) · The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1987.tb03726.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Cutaneous malignant melanoma of the head and neck
Fisher, S. R. (1989) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1288/00005537-198908000-00010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Plantar melanoma: Is the incidence of melanoma of the sole of the foot really higher in blacks than whites?
Stevens, N. G., Liff, J. M., & Weiss, N. S. (1990) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910450421 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Melanoma incidence trends
Bevona, C., & Sober, A. J. (2002) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(02)00037-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cancer mortality in African and Caribbean migrants to England and Wales
Grulich, A., Swerdlow, A. J., Head, J. A., & Marmot, M. G. (1992) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1992.383 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Histologic Findings and Prognosis of Uveal Malignant Melanoma in Japanese Patients
Sakamoto, T., SAKAMOTO, M., Yoshikawa, H., Hata, Y., Ishibashi, T., Ohnishi, Y., & Inomata, H. (1996) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70275-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
MALIGNANT MELANOMA AMONG EMPLOYEES OF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Austin, D. F. (1981) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91047-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma of the mucous membranes: A review of 119 cases
DeMatos, P., Tyler, D. S., & Seigler, H. F. (1998) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1007/bf02303485 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Mutation analysis of the EGFR–NRAS–BRAF pathway in melanomas from black Africans and other subgroups of cutaneous melanoma
Akslen, L. A., Puntervoll, H. E., Bachmann, I. M., Straume, O., Vuhahula, E. A. M., Kumar, R., & Molven, A. (2008) · Melanoma Research · doi:10.1097/cmr.0b013e3282f32517 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Increased incidence of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer patients treated with a five-drug chemotherapy regimen
Goodnough, L. T., Saito, H., Manni, A., Jones, P. K., & Pearson, O. H. (1984) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19841001)54:7 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Prevalence of childhood acne, ephelides, warts, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata and keloid in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan: a community‐based clinical survey
Yang, Y., Cheng, Y., Lai, C., & Chen, W. (2007) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02036.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Melanoma recognition framework based on expert definition of ABCD for dermoscopic images
Abbas, Q., Celebi, M. E., Fondón, I., & Ahmad, W. (2012) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2012.00614.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
An Epidemiologic Analysis of Melanoma Overdiagnosis in the United States, 1975–2017
Kurtansky, N. R., Dusza, S. W., Halpern, A. C., Hartman, R. I., Geller, A. C., Marghoob, A. A., Rotemberg, V. M., & Marchetti, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cutaneous malignant melanoma and ultraviolet radiation: A review
Longstreth, J. D. (1988) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/bf00051373 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Distribution of malignant melanoma on the body surface
Crombie, I. K. (1981) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1981.123 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene variants alter melanoma cell growth and adhesion to extracellular matrix
Robinson, S., & Healy, E. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205913 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Quantitative genetics of human skin color
Byard, P. J. (1981) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330240506 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effect of a susceptibility to motion sickness on the side effects of cancer chemotherapy
Morrow, G. R. (1985) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19850615)55:12 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Cutaneous Melanoma
Sober, A. J., Lew, R., Koh, H. K., & Barnhill, R. L. (1991) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30366-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Incidence of eye cancer in Taiwan: an 18-year review
Cheng, C.-Y., & Hsu, W.-M. (2004) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700619 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The burden of cutaneous melanoma and status of preventive measures in Central and South America
de Vries, E., Sierra, M. S., Piñeros, M., Loria, D., & Forman, D. (2016) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2016.02.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Multiple stages and genetic alterations in immortalization, malignant transformation, and tumor progression of human skin keratinocytes
Fusenig, N. E., & Boukamp, P. (1998) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199811)23:3 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Demographic and Socioeconomic Predictors of Melanoma Prognosis in the United States
Eide, M. J., Weinstock, M. A., & Clark, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0113 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cutaneous melanoma in Latin America: the need for more data
Schmerling, R. A., Loria, D., Cinat, G., Ramos, W., Cardona, A. F., Sánchez, J. L., Martínez‐Said, H., & Buzaid, A. C. (2011) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49892011001100005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Trends in Incidence of Malignant Melanoma of the Skin in Denmark 1943–1982
Østerlind, A., & Jensen, O. M. (1986) · Recent results in cancer research/Recent Results in Cancer Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82641-2_2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma in situ in two patients treated with psoralens and ultraviolet A
Marx, J. L., Auerbach, R., Possick, P. A., Myrow, R. E., Gladstein, A. H., & Kopf, A. W. (1983) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(83)70207-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Investigation of an Excess of Melanoma among Employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Austin, D. F., & Reynolds, P. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009140 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ethnicity and cancer risk in São Paulo, Brazil.
Bouchardy, C., Mirra, A. P., Khlat, M., Parkin, D. M., de Souza, J. M., & Gotlieb, S. L. D. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Afamelanotide, an agonistic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, in dermal phototoxicity of erythropoietic protoporphyria
Minder, E. I. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.2010.535515 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Clinical Features and Distribution of Malignant Melanoma and Pigmented Nevi on the Soles of the Feet in Japan
Kukita, A., & Ishihara, K. (1989) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1989.67 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Clinical Review of the Evidence for the Role of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Etiology of Cutaneous Melanoma
Langley, R. G. B., & Sober, A. J. (1997) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.3109/07357909709047598 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Cutaneous Melanoma
Lew, R., Koh, H. K., & Sober, A. J. (1985) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30900-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sunlight Exposure–Mediated DNA Damage in Young Adults
Kato, M., Iida, M., Goto, Y., Kondo, T., & Yajima, I. (2011) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0228 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vitamins and cancer prevention: Issues and dilemmas
Young, V. R., & Newberne, P. M. (1981) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19810301)47:5+ · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Plantar melanoma: Results of treatment in three population groups
Hudson, D. A., Krige, J. E. J., & Stubbings, H. (1998) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0039-6060(98)70012-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma in South Africans of mixed ancestry
Swan, M. C., & Hudson, D. A. (2003) · Melanoma Research · doi:10.1097/00008390-200308000-00012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Phase I Study of Intralesional Administration of an Adenovirus Vector Expressing the HSV-1 Thymidine Kinase Gene (AdV.RSV-TK) in Combination with Escalating Doses of Ganciclovir in Patients with Cutaneous Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
Morris, J. C., Ramsey, W. J., Wildner, O., Muslow, H. A., Aguilar-Córdova, E., & Blaese, R. M. (2000) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/10430340050015950 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma in non-Caucasians: experience from Hawaii
Johnson, D. S., Yamane, S., Morita, S. Y., Yonehara, C., & Wong, J. H. (2003) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(02)00093-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Epidemiology of melanoma
Weinstock, M. A. (1993) · Cancer treatment and research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3080-0_2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
European ancestry and cutaneous melanoma in Southern Brazil
Bakos, L., Masiero, N., Bakos, R., Burttet, R., Wagner, M., & Benzano, D. (2009) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03027.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Conjunctival Melanoma in the Black Population
Singh, A. D., Campos, O. E., Rhatigan, R. M., Schulman, J. A., & Misra, R. (1998) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00020-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Incidence and anatomic distribution of cutaneous melanoma among United States hispanics
Bergfelt, L., Newell, G. R., Sider, J. G., & Kripke, M. L. (1989) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.2930400404 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma in Cape Town, South Africa
Saxe, Hoffman, Krige, J. E. J., Sayed, King, & Hounsell (1998) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02266.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Choroidal Melanomas in Hispanic Patients
Hudson, H. L., Valluri, S., & Rao, N. A. (1994) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72842-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
WHERE THE SUN NEVER SHINES: ANORECTAL MELANOMA
Miller, B. J., Rutherford, L. F., McLeod, G. R., & Cohen, J. R. (1997) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1997.tb07609.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Primary Intradural Extramedullary Melanoma of the Cervical Spinal Cord
Lee, C.-H., Moon, K. Y., Chung, C. K., Kim, H.-J., Chang, K., Park, S., & Jahng, T.-A. (2010) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181ccb1b3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Clinical Features and Distribution of Malignant Melanoma and Pigmented Nevi on the Soles of the Feet in Japan.
Kukita, A., & Ishihara, K. (1989) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep13075564 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Melanoma risk perception and prevention behavior among African-Americans: the minority melanoma paradox
Goldenberg, A., Vujic, I., Sanlorenzo, M., & Ortiz‐Urda, S. (2015) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s87645 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ultraviolet-induced formation of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange in cultured fibroblasts of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma
Roser, M., Böhm, A., Oldigs, M., Weichenthal, M., Reimers, U., Schmidt-Preuss, U., Breitbart, E. W., & Rüdiger, H. W. (1989) · Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics · doi:10.1016/0165-4608(89)90117-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Afamelanotide (CUV1647) in dermal phototoxicity of erythropoietic protoporphyria
Minder, E. I., & Schneider‐Yin, X. (2014) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.956089 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Surgery for gastrointestinal malignant melanoma: Experience from surgical training center
Akaraviputh, T. (2010) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i6.745 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The FAMMM Syndrome: Epidemiology and Surveillance Strategies
Fusaro, R. M., & Lynch, H. T. (2000) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.3109/07357900009032833 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The geography of non‐ocular malignant melanoma in India: its association with latitude, ozone levels and UV light exposure
Krishnamurthy, S. (1992) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910510202 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma of the skin.
Armstrong, B. K., & Holman, C. (1987) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Plantar melanoma in black South Africans
Hudson, D. A., & Krige, J. E. J. (1993) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800800818 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Evolutionary triangulation: informing genetic association studies with evolutionary evidence
Huang, M., Graham, B. E., Zhang, G., Harder, R., Kodaman, N. M., Moore, J. H., Muglia, L. J., & Williams, S. M. (2016) · BioData Mining · doi:10.1186/s13040-016-0091-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Considerations When Treating Cosmetic Concerns in Men of Color
Awosika, O., Burgess, C., & Grimes, P. E. (2017) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000001376 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Role of the Skin Microenvironment in Melanomagenesis: Epidermal Keratinocytes and Dermal Fibroblasts Promote BRAF Oncogene-Induced Senescence Escape in Melanocytes
Sadangi, S., Milosavljevic, K., Castro‐Pérez, E., Lares, M., Singh, M. K., Altameemi, S., Beebe, D. J., Ayuso, J. M., & Setaluri, V. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14051233 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of programmed death ligand 1 expression in Korean melanoma patients
Yun, S., Park, Y., Moon, S., Ahn, S., Lee, K., Park, H. J., Lee, H. S., Choe, G., & Lee, K. S. (2019) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.30573 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Easily misdiagnosed delayed metastatic intraspinal extradural melanoma of the lumbar spine: A case report and review of the literature
SUN, L., Song, Y., & GONG, Q. (2013) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2013.1299 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Contrasting incidences along with descriptive markers in the epidemiology of melanoma
van der Esch, E. P., & Stukonis, M. (1985) · Pathology · doi:10.3109/00313028509063773 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Genetics of Skin, Hair, and Eye Color in Human Pigmentation Disorders
Manga, P., & Loftus, S. K. (2025) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/ahg.70003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cancer incidence trends in New York State and associations with common population-level exposures 2010–2018: an ecological study
Yuan, H., Kehm, R. D., Daaboul, J. M., Lloyd, S. E., McDonald, J. A., Mu, L., Tehranifar, P., Zhang, K., Terry, M. B., & Yang, W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56634-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Enigma of the Pathogenesis of Primary Melanoma: Changing Incidence and Mortality in Japan and the United States
Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1989) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1989.72 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Ocular Melanoma
Hyman, L., Leske, M. C., & Polednak, A. P. (1987) · Cancer treatment and research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2043-2_4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Role of Mutation Rates of GNAQ or GNA11 in Cases of Uveal Melanoma in Japan
Ominato, J., Fukuchi, T., Sato, A., Yamaguchi, N., Kobayashi, K., Cho, H., Oyama, T., & Ajioka, Y. (2017) · Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology · doi:10.1097/pai.0000000000000505 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A rare congenital midline cervical cleft.
Warden, C., & Millar, A. J. W. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Enigma of the Pathogenesis of Primary Melanoma: Changing Incidence and Mortality in Japan and the United States.
Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1989) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep13075615 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Epidemiologie des malignen Melanoms der Haut im internationalen Vergleich
Orfanos, C. E., Garbe, C., & Bertz, J. (1986) · Verhandlungen der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82597-2_38 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Melanoma Epidemic Thus Far
Lee, J. A. H. (1990) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)62148-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Malignant melanoma mortality in Italy: 1955–1978
Maggini, M., & Petrelli, G. (1984) · European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/0277-5379(84)90262-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Molecular models of tumorigenesis: application to familial and sporadic melanoma.
Harnett, P. R., & Kefford, R. F. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Melanoma in New Zealand: a problem that is not going away.
Shaw, J. H. F. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Skin Cancers in Australia's Northern Territory 1981-85
Saint-Yves, I. F. M., & Honari, M. (1988) · Journal of the Royal Society of Health · doi:10.1177/146642408810800214 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Malignant Melanoma In Cameroon
(2007) · The Internet Journal of Surgery · doi:10.5580/1751 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Diagnostic accuracy and impact of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in preoperative staging of cutaneous malignant melanoma: Results of a prospective study in Indian population
Chandra, P., Purandare, N. C., Shah, S. A., Agrawal, A., Puri, A., Gulia, A., & Rangarajan, V. (2017) · World Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.4103/1450-1147.215491 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mortalidad por melanoma cutáneo en Colombia: estudio de tendencias
García-Chabur, M. A. (2017) · Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Dermatología y Cirugía Dermatológica · doi:10.29176/2590843x.317 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Surgical therapy of primary cutaneous melanoma
Geraghty, P. J., Johnson, T. M., Sondak, V. K., & Chang, A. E. (1996) · Seminars in Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199611/12)12:6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clinical Presentations of Melanoma
Halpern, A. C., Marghoob, A. A., Sober, A. J., Mar, V., & Marchetti, M. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05070-2_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rare case of melanoma studied for Its histopathological features in Indonesia
Tjarta, A., Kanoko, M., Ueda, M., Hamzah, M., Cipto, H., Ichihashi, M., Poetiray, E. D. C., Muchtar, A., Cornain, S., Prihartono, J., et al. (2000) · Medical Journal of Indonesia · doi:10.13181/mji.v9i2.660 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Occurrence of Melanoma and Its Relationship with Host, Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Acton, R. T., Balch, C. M., Barger, B. O., Budowle, B., Go, R. C. P., Soong, S., & Roseman, J. M. (1983) · Cancer treatment and research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3900-7_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Role of Endothelin 3 in Melanoma Progression and Metastasis
Chin, N. L. (2015) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc000185 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cutaneous cancers in the Africans: Systematic review
Ayanlowo, O. O., Adegbulu, A., & Cole-Adeife, O. M. (2022) · Dermatological Reviews · doi:10.1002/der2.132 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Differences in survival by race/ethnicity among cutaneous melanoma patients in the United States over a period from 1982 to 2011
Nasiri, A. M., Al-Akeel, E. S., & Rayes, N. H. (2017) · International Journal of Advances in Medicine · doi:10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20175518 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Epidemiologische Aspekte, Prävention und Aufklärung
Voigt, H. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70460-4_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Genetic Epidemiology and the Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome
Lynch, H. T., & Fusaro, R. M. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75993-2_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Epidemiologie des malignen Melanoms
Garbe, C. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75951-2_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Br. J. Cancer (19979) 40, 185 RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN MELANOMA INCIDENCE
Crombie, I. K. (1979)
Self-citation
Plantar melanoma: Is the incidence of melanoma of the sole of the foot really higher in blacks than whites?
Stevens, N. G., Liff, J. M., & Weiss, N. S. (1990) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910450421 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Population-based incidence of vulvar and vaginal melanoma in various races and ethnic groups with comparisons to other site-specific melanomas
Hu, D., Yu, G., & McCormick, S. A. (2010) · Melanoma Research · doi:10.1097/cmr.0b013e32833684e8 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Distribution of malignant melanoma on the body surface
Crombie, I. K. (1981) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1981.123 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Melanoma in black South Africans.
Krige, J. E. J. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Authors: Crombie, I. K.
Affiliations: Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Crombie, I K
Venue: British Journal of Cancer
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1979-08
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 185-193
ISSN: 0007-0920 (ISSN-L)
1532-1827
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1979.165
PMC: PMC2010011
OpenAlex: W2039804149
Cited by: 124
References: 22
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 1.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: British Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
Keywords: melanoma, melanoma incidence, racial differences, skin pigmentation, skin colour, African ancestry, sex differences, ultraviolet radiation, cancer etiology
MeSH terms: Arm, Female, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Humans, Leg, Male, Melanoma, Registries, Sex Factors, Skin Neoplasms, Skin Pigmentation, Black People, White People, Asian People, Racial Groups

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Racial differences in melanoma incidence

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks