Intracellular localization of the BCL-2 family member BOK and functional implications
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The pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member BOK is widely expressed and resembles the multi-BH domain proteins BAX and BAK based on its amino acid sequence. The genomic region encoding BOK was reported to be frequently deleted in human cancer and it has therefore been hypothesized that BOK functions as a tumor suppressor. However, little is known about the molecular functions of BOK. We show that enforced expression of BOK activates the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway in BAX/BAK-proficient cells but fails to kill cells lacking both BAX and BAK or sensitize them to cytotoxic insults. Interestingly, major portions of endogenous BOK are localized to and partially inserted into the membranes of the Golgi apparatus as well as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associated membranes. The C-terminal transmembrane domain of BOK thereby constitutes a 'tail-anchor' specific for targeting to the Golgi and ER. Overexpression of full-length BOK causes early fragmentation of ER and Golgi compartments. A role for BOK on the Golgi apparatus and the ER is supported by an abnormal response of Bok-deficient cells to the Golgi/ER stressor brefeldin A. Based on these results, we propose that major functions of BOK are exerted at the Golgi and ER membranes and that BOK induces apoptosis in a manner dependent on BAX and BAK.
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BOK contributes to the regulation of ER homeostasis, as demonstrated by its prominent localization at the ER membrane and the defective apoptotic response of Bok−/− cells to some ER stressors.
“As for BOK, it has been proposed that this BCL2 protein contributes to the regulation of ER homeostasis, as demonstrated by its prominent localization at the ER membrane [149] and the defective apoptotic response of Bok−/− cells to some ER stressors [150].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [149]
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SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein causes the mitochondrial apoptosis and pulmonary edema via targeting BOK
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BOK controls apoptosis by Ca2+ transfer through ER-mitochondrial contact sites
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Self-citationConsequences of the combined loss of BOK and BAK or BOK and BAX
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BCL2 Family, Mitochondrial Apoptosis, and Beyond
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Bok is a genuine multi-BH-domain protein that triggers apoptosis in the absence of Bax and Bak
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Bok regulates mitochondrial fusion and morphology
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Bcl-2 Family Members and the Mitochondrial Import Machineries: The Roads to Death
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The Multifaceted Roles of the BCL-2 Family Member BOK
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Self-citationIntrinsic Instability of BOK Enables Membrane Permeabilization in Apoptosis
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Self-citationRegulation of Cell Death by Mitochondrial Transport Systems of Calcium and Bcl-2 Proteins
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Attenuating apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells for improved biopharmaceutical production
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Self-citationPharmacological inhibition of Bcl-xL sensitizes osteosarcoma to doxorubicin
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Functions of the C-terminal domains of apoptosis-related proteins of the Bcl-2 family
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BCL-2 family protein BOK is a positive regulator of uridine metabolism in mammals
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Self-citationMcl-1 and Bok transmembrane domains: Unexpected players in the modulation of apoptosis
Lucendo, E., Sancho, M., Lolicato, F., Javanainen, M., Kulig, W., Leiva, D., Duart, G., Andreu-Férnández, V., Mingarro, I., & Orzáez, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2008885117 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms
Egorova, K. S., Кибардин, А. В., Posvyatenko, A. V., & Ananikov, V. P. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00420 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Monocytes enhance neutrophil‐induced blister formation in an ex vivo model of bullous pemphigoid
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Self-citationBOK promotes chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice
Rabachini, T., Fernández‐Marrero, Y., Montani, M., Loforese, G., Sladky, V. C., He, Z., Bachmann, D., Wicki, S., Villunger, A., Stroka, D., et al. (2017) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-017-0008-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationKe, F., Grabow, S., Kelly, G. L., Lin, C., O’Reilly, L. A., & Strasser, A. (2015) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.304 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationIs BOK required for apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress?
Fernández‐Marrero, Y., Ke, F., Echeverry, N., Bouillet, P., Bachmann, D., Strasser, A., & Kaufmann, T. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516347113 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe BAX/BAK-like protein BOK is a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer
Carberry, S., D’Orsi, B., Monsefi, N., Salvucci, M., Bacon, O., Fay, J., Rehm, M., McNamara, D. A., Kay, E. W., & Prehn, J. H. M. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-017-0140-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Modeling apoptosis resistance in CHO cells with CRISPR‐mediated knockouts of Bak1, Bax, and Bok
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BOK displays cell death‐independent tumor suppressor activity in non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma
Moravčíková, E., Krepela, E., Donnenberg, V. S., Donnenberg, A. D., Benková, K., Rabachini, T., Fernández‐Marrero, Y., Bachmann, D., & Kaufmann, T. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30906 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationShalaby, R., Diwan, A., Flores‐Romero, H., Hertlein, V., & García‐Sáez, A. J. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-01078-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Making the head: Caspases in life and death
Švandová, E., Lesot, H., Sharpe, P. T., & Matalová, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.1075751 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pharmacological Targeting of Executioner Proteins: Controlling Life and Death
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Onyeagucha, B. C., Subbarayalu, P., Abdelfattah, N., Rajamanickam, S., Timilsina, S., Guzman, R. M., Zeballos, C. R., Eedunuri, V. K., Bansal, S., Mohammad, T. A., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20841 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cellular demolition: Proteins as molecular players of programmed cell death
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Engineering death resistance in CHO cells for improved perfusion culture
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Self-citationThe Mysteries around the BCL-2 Family Member BOK
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BCL-2 and BOK regulate apoptosis by interaction of their C-terminal transmembrane domains
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The C-terminal sequences of Bcl-2 family proteins mediate interactions that regulate cell death
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Identification of the Bok Interactome Using Proximity Labeling
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The BCL-2 family member BOK promotes KRAS-driven lung cancer progression in a p53-dependent manner
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Self-citationSpBOK inhibits WSSV infection by regulating the apoptotic pathway in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)
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BOK: Oddball of the BCL-2 Family
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BOK controls ER proteostasis and physiological ER stress responses in neurons
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Self-citationIn Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Granulocytes
Reinhart, R., Wicki, S., & Kaufmann, T. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3581-9_8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationBOK promotes erythropoiesis in a mouse model of myelodysplastic syndrome
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- Authors
- Echeverry, N., Bachmann, D., Ke, F., Strasser, A., Simon, H. U., & Kaufmann, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kaufmann, T
- Venue
- Cell Death & Differentiation
- Published
- 2013-02-22
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 785-799
- ISSN
- 1350-9047 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5403
- PMC
- PMC3647236
- OpenAlex
- W2051366577
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 5.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cell Death and Differentiation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- University of Bern
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (119203)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
- Keywords
- BOK, Bcl-2 family proteins, Bax, Bak, intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic reticulum stress, brefeldin A, transmembrane domain, tumor suppressor, Golgi fragmentation, apoptosis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Humans, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitochondria, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Mice, HEK293 Cells
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