BOK Is a Non-canonical BCL-2 Family Effector of Apoptosis Regulated by ER-Associated Degradation
Open accessAbstract
The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is initiated by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The BCL-2 family effectors BAX and BAK are thought to be absolutely required for this process. Here, we report that BCL-2 ovarian killer (BOK) is a bona fide yet unconventional effector of MOMP that can trigger apoptosis in the absence of both BAX and BAK. However, unlike the canonical effectors, BOK appears to be constitutively active and unresponsive to antagonistic effects of the antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins. Rather, BOK is controlled at the level of protein stability by components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation pathway. BOK is ubiquitylated by the AMFR/gp78 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and targeted for proteasomal degradation in a VCP/p97-dependent manner, which allows survival of the cell. When proteasome function, VCP, or gp78 activity is compromised, BOK is stabilized to induce MOMP and apoptosis independently of other BCL-2 proteins.
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BOK has been shown to induce MOMP in the absence of BAX and BAK and independently of other BCL2 family members.
“Moreover, BOK has recently been shown to induce MOMP in the absence of BAX and BAK and independently of other BCL2 family members [47, 151, 152].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
BOK appears to be constitutively active and to be antagonized by an ER-associated degradation pathway rather than by anti-apoptotic BCL2 proteins.
“In particular, BOK appears to be constitutively active and to be antagonized by an ER-associated degradation pathway rather than by anti-apoptotic BCL2 proteins [47].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Llambi, F., Wang, Y.-M., Victor, B., Yang, M., Schneider, D. M., Gingras, S., Parsons, M. J., Zheng, J. H., Brown, S. A., Pelletier, S., Moldoveanu, T., Chen, T., & Green, D. R.
- Affiliations
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Llambi, Fabien
- Green, Douglas R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 421-433
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5018360
- OpenAlex
- W2292802465
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 15.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 371 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM096208, GM 096208, R01GM110034, GM 110034)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- BOK, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, apoptosis, ER-associated degradation, gp78, AMFR, E3 ubiquitin ligase, VCP/p97, proteasomal degradation, protein stability, Bax, Bak, Bcl-2 family proteins, ubiquitination
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Embryo, Mammalian, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Fibroblasts, Humans, Permeability, Apoptosis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, Mitochondrial Membranes, Mice, Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation
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