Rapamycin upregulates glutamate transporter and IL-6 expression in astrocytes in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
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Rapamycin protects mice against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, which is an established model for Parkinson’s disease. We demonstrated that rapamycin preserves astrocytic expression of glutamate transporters and glutamate reuptake. The protective effect was also observed in astrocyte cultures, indicating that rapamycin acts directly on astrocytes. In the MPTP model, rapamycin caused reduced expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 (neuronal precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-2) and reduced colocalization of glutamate transporters with ubiquitin. Rapamycin increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, which was associated with reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines, indicating anti-inflammatory properties of IL-6 in the MPTP model. NF-κ B was shown to be a key mediator for rapamycin, whereas Janus kinase 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and Akt partially mediated rapamycin effects in astrocytes. These results demonstrate for the first time in a Parkinson’s disease animal model that the neuroprotective effects of rapamycin are associated with glial and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Rapamycin enhances expression of IL-6.
“However, rapamycin has also been observed to enhance expression of IL-6176-178 which is associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes, and patients with type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 had significantly increased mortality rates when receiving insulin treatment during the course of their hospitilization179.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [177]
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- Authors
- Zhang, Y., He, X., Wu, X., Lei, M., Wei, Z., Zhang, X., Wen, L., Xu, P., Li, S., & Qu, S.
- Affiliations
- Xiamen University (CN)
- The First People's Hospital of Shunde (CN)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Southern Medical University (CN)
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Pingyi
- Li, Shaomin
- Qu, Shaogang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Death & Disease
- Published
- 2017-02-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e2611-e2611
- ISSN
- 2041-4889 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5386462
- OpenAlex
- W2586724109
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cell Death and Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association (NIRG-12-242825)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570716, U1603281, 2013B021800305, 81471292, 31170734, 31570716, U1603281, 2012B050200003, 81271428, 81430021, U1503222)
- Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (31570716, 2012B050200003, 31170734, 2013B021800305, 2016A050502025)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- rapamycin, Parkinson's disease, astrocytes, glutamate transporters, glutamate uptake, interleukin-6, Nedd4-2, ubiquitination, MPTP, neuroprotection, NF-κB, JAK2/STAT3 signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, anti-inflammatory activity, dopaminergic neuron loss
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Disease Models, Animal, Glutamates, Inflammation, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Parkinson Disease, Down-Regulation, 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, Interleukin-6, Up-Regulation, Cytokines, NF-kappa B, Neuroprotective Agents, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Sirolimus, Amino Acid Transport System X-AG, STAT3 Transcription Factor, Mice, Janus Kinase 2
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