The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Use of dietary supplements in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition calibration study
Abstract
Background Dietary supplement use is increasing, but there are few comparable data on supplement intakes and how they affect the nutrition and health of European consumers. The aim of this study was to describe the use of dietary supplements in subsamples of the 10 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).Methods Specific questions on dietary supplement use were asked as a part of single 24-h recalls performed on 36,034 men and women aged 35-74 years from 1995 to 2000.Results Between countries, the mean percentage of dietary supplement use varied almost 10-fold among women and even more among men. There was a clear north-south gradient in use, with a higher consumption in northern countries. The lowest crude mean percentage of use was found in Greece (2.0% among men, 6.7% among women), and the highest was in Denmark (51.0% among men, 65.8% among women). Use was higher in women than in men. Vitamins, minerals or combinations of them were the predominant types of supplements reported, but there were striking differences between countries.Conclusions This study indicates that there are wide variations in supplement use in Europe, which may affect individual and population nutrient intakes. The results underline the need to monitor consumption of dietary supplements in Europe, as well as to evaluate the risks and benefits.
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“On the other hand, the exclusion of habitual consumers of dietary supplements with antioxidant properties likely did not affect the representativeness of our study population, because the consumption of these supplements among our elderly population is quite low, generally Ͻ10%, similar to that observed in other cohorts from our country.35”
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“Third, to avoid confounders, habitual consumers of dietary supplements with antioxidant properties were excluded; however, this is likely to have had a limited impact on the generalizability of findings because supplement consumption in our cohort was low (,10%), which is similar to that reported in other cohorts (44).”
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“On the other hand, the exclusion of habitual consumers of dietary supplements with antioxidant properties likely did not affect the representativeness of our study population, because the consumption of these supplements among our elderly population is quite low, generally 10%, similar to that observed in other cohort…”
ResultProjected Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intakes in Europe
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“Moreover, flavanol and flavonol intake may be underestimated, although our database was mostly complete for these flavonoid subclasses (11,12), and herb/plant supplement intakes were omitted in these analyses (up to 5% in Denmark, the highest consuming country) (38).”
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“supplements in the present study (up to 5 % in Denmark, the highest consumer country)((57)).”
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“Furthermore, flavonoid and lignan intakes are likely to be underestimated since the flavonoid database was incomplete (although an extensive common database was used) (20,21) and herb/plant supplement intakes were omitted in these analyses (up to 5% inDenmark, the highest consumer country) (39).”
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“A relevant weakness is the likely underestimation of real flavonoid intake, due to the unknown food flavonoid composition data (10 % of data in our FCDB and thearubigin data), and the omission of some food items (such as coffee substitutes) and herb/plant supplement intakes in the present analysis (which are up to 5 %…”
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“The data presented in this paper are for intakes from food only, as quantitative data from vitamin and mineral supplements were unavailable, although the types of supplements consumed are described elsewhere (Skeie et al., 2009).”
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“These opinions are in contrast with public-health Corresponding author: Marleen A. H. Lentjes, email: marleen.lentjes@phpc.cam.ac.uk Abbreviations: DRV, dietary reference values; EAR, estimated average requirement; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer; MVMM, multivitamin/multimineral; NDNS, National Di…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDeterminants of dietary supplement use – healthy individuals use dietary supplements
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“33 Questionnaires also did not include herb/plant supplement intakes, consumed by up to 5% of the population in Denmark, 34 and this may also result in some underestimation of flavonoid intake.”
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“In addition, flavonoid and lignan intake is likely to be underestimated since substantial data were lacking in the flavonoid database (although an extensive common database was used) [26, 27] and herb/plant supplement intake was not taken into account in these analyses (up to 5 % in Denmark, the highest consumer count…”
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“The use of nutritional supplements is increasing inmany countries and failure to consider this source of nutrients leads to an underestimation of dietary intakes (21, 22).”
BackgroundNutraceuticals for older people: Facts, fictions and gaps in knowledge
González‐Sarrías, A., Larrosa, M., García‐Conesa, M., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., & Espín, J. C. (2013) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.006 · Cited by 70
“For example, consumption f these supplements and foods is higher in the USA (around 0% of adult population) [5] and in the North of Europe [6] han in other areas.”
BackgroundAlfawaz, H., Khan, N., Alfaifi, A. A., Shahrani, F. M., Tameem, H. M. A., Otaibi, S. F. A., Abudigin, W. I., Al-Shayaa, M. S., Alghanim, S. A., & Al‐Daghri, N. M. (2017) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-017-0475-y · Cited by 63
Park, J. Y., Nicolas, G., Freisling, H., Biessy, C., Scalbert, A., Romieu, I., Chajès, V., Chuang, S.-C., Ericson, U., Wallström, P., et al. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005733 · Cited by 60
Self-citationImproving the estimation of flavonoid intake for study of health outcomes
Peterson, J. J., Dwyer, J. T., Jacques, P. F., & McCullough, M. L. (2015) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv008 · Cited by 63
Moskal, A., Pisa, P. T., Ferrari, P., Byrnes, G. B., Freisling, H., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Cadeau, C., Nailler, L., Wendt, A. T., Kuhn, T. E., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098647 · Cited by 55
“Previous study has shown some heterogeneity regarding the proportion of dietary supplement users in the EPIC Study, with a high consumption in northern countries [52].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFolate intake and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tio, M., Andrici, J., Cox, M. R., & Eslick, G. D. (2014) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/pcan.2014.16 · Cited by 55
Drug adulteration of food supplements: A threat to public health in the European Union?
Czepielewska, E., Makarewicz‐Wujec, M., Różewski, F., Wojtasik, E., & Kozłowska−Wojciechowska, M. (2018) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.014 · Cited by 55
Intake of micronutrients among Danish adult users and non-users of dietary supplements
Tetens, I., Biltoft-Jensen, A. P., Spagner, C., Christensen, T., Gille, M.-B., Bügel, S., & Rasmussen, L. B. (2011) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v55i0.7153 · Cited by 56
“Vitamin A RE 960 (392; 2,861) 1,001 (418; 2,788) 1,668 (775; 3,334)”
BackgroundRestani, P., Lorenzo, C. D., García-Álvarez, A., Badea, M., Ceschi, A., Egan, B., Dima, L., Lüde, S., Maggi, F. M., Mărculescu, A., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150089 · Cited by 54
“Data on the use of dietary supplements reported by consumers are very limited and normally include only those products containing vitamins and minerals [4]; other available data come from studies relating to complementary/traditional medicine [5].”
BackgroundChuang, S., Stolzenberg‐Solomon, R. Z., Ueland, P. M., Vollset, S. E., Midttun, Ø., Olsen, A., Tjønneland, A. M., Overvad, K., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Morois, S., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.02.007 · Cited by 53
“Results from the sub-cohort indicated that participants from more northern countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden and UK) reported higher supplement use than more southern countries (Greece, Italy, Spain) and women reported a higher use than men.(24) Results from the present study showed no evidence of regional (data not…”
Self-citationBenvenga, S., Di Bari, F., & Vita, R. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1244-2 · Cited by 51
Crispim, S. P., Geelen, A., Souverein, O. W., Hulshof, P. J. M., Ruprich, J., Dofková, M., Huybrechts, I., Keyzer, W. D., Lillegaard, I. T., Andersen, L. F., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.86 · Cited by 50
Self-citationWhat Do People Know and Believe about Vitamin D?
Deschasaux, M., Souberbielle, J., Partula, V., Lécuyer, L., González, R., Srour, B., Guinot, C., Malvy, D. J.-M., Latino‐Martel, P., Druesne‐Pecollo, N., et al. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110718 · Cited by 51
Self-citationVitamin D levels in a large Mediterranean cohort: reconsidering normal cut-off values
Katrinaki, M., Kampa, M., Margioris, A. N., Castanas, E., & Malliaraki, N. E. (2016) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1674 · Cited by 52
Pajor, E. M., Eggers, S. M., Curfs, K. C. J., Oenema, A., & de Vries, H. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.036 · Cited by 53
“In the past decades, the use of dietary supplements has become increasingly popular in the United States and other developed countries (Gahche et al., 2011; Skeie et al., 2009; Stein, 2014).”
InfluentialOlsen, A., Halkjær, J., van Gils, C. H., Buijsse, B., Verhagen, H., Jenab, M., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Ericson, U., Ocké, M. C., Peeters, P. H. M., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.78 · Cited by 49
Self-citationJeurnink, S. M., Ros, M. M., Leenders, M. B., van Duijnhoven, F. J. B., Siersema, P. D., Jansen, E. H. J. M., van Gils, C. H., Bakker, M. F., Overvad, K., Roswall, N., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29175 · Cited by 53
“The difference may also be related to greater use of vitamin supplement use in Northern countries.(30) Additional adjustment for vitamin supplement use did however not noticeably change our results.”
ResultSelf-citationVitamin E Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Loh, W. Q., Youn, J., & Seow, W. J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010014 · Cited by 44
Xia, J., Yu, J., Xu, H., Zhou, Y., Li, H., Yin, S., Xu, D., Wang, Y., Xia, H., Liao, W., et al. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106647 · Cited by 44
Lopes, M., Coimbra, M. A., Costa, M. D. C., & Ramos, F. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1997909 · Cited by 43
Vargas-Murga, L., García-Álvarez, A., Román‐Viñas, B., Ngo, J., Ribas‐Barba, L., van den Berg, S. J. P. L., Williamson, G., & Serra‐Majem, L. (2011) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c1fo10075k · Cited by 42
Frey, A., Hoffmann, I., & Heuer, T. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017001021 · Cited by 42
“The majority of studies observed associations between supplement use and age, female gender, physical activity, having a special diet and making a healthy food choice((7,13,16,17,35,36)).”
BackgroundKojima, A., Ikehara, S., Kamiya, K., Kajita, E., Sato, Y., Kouda, K., Tamaki, J., Kagamimori, S., & Iki, M. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz292 · Cited by 41
Polypharmacy in adults over 50 in Ireland: Opportunities for cost saving and improved healthcare
Richardson, K., Moore, P., Peklar, J., Galvin, R., Bennett, K., & Kenny, R. A. (2012) · doi:10.38018/tildare.2012-02 · Cited by 39
Manuel, M., Lesmes, I. B., Marset, J. B., Izquierdo, J. Q. I., Formiguera, X., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2012.27.3.5680 · Cited by 40
Molina‐Montes, E., Wark, P. A., Sánchez, M., Norat, T., Jakszyn, P. G., Luján‐Barroso, L., Michaud, D. S., Crowe, F. L., Allen, N. E., Khaw, K., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.27547 · Cited by 36
“Although information on use of dietary supplements was collected as part of the 24-HDR, the nutrient contents could not be quantified.(50) Total nutrient intakes, accounting for diet and supplements, therefore, could not be assessed.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNutritional supplement use among fitness club participants in Tehran, Iran
Saeedi, P., Taib, M. N. M., Hazizi, A. S., Vafa, M., & Foroushani, A. R. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.011 · Cited by 39
“The global market for supplements has increased during the recent years (Crowley & FitzGerald, 2006;Maughan, King, & Lea, 2004) and a high prevalence of supplement usewas seen not only in the United States and Europe (Skeie et al., 2009; Timbo, Ross, McCarthy, & Lin, 2006), but also in Asian countries (Kim et al.”
BackgroundAbbas, S., Linseisen, J., Rohrmann, S., Chang-Claude, J. C., Peeters, P. H. M., Engel, P., Brustad, M., Lund, E., Skeie, G., Olsen, A., et al. (2013) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2013.752018 · Cited by 36
“, cod liver oil) is frequently used and thus one of the most important sources of vitamin D (56).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBerendsen, A. A. M., van Lieshout, L., van den Heuvel, E. G. H. M., Matthys, C., Péter, S., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2016) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2016.05.007 · Cited by 35
Μanios, Y., Moschonis, G., Mavrogianni, C., Bos, R., & Singh‐Povel, C. M. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6104073 · Cited by 35
“5%) [26] could set the basis not only for interpreting the results of the current and previous studies [42] on vitamin D, but also for facilitating future research and, possibly, discussions on vitamin D food fortification policy in Europe.”
BackgroundStudy, O. B. O. T. F., Μanios, Y., Moschonis, G., Lambrinou, C. P., Mavrogianni, C., Tsirigoti, L., Hoeller, U., Roos, F. F., Bendik, I., Eggersdorfer, M. L., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1415-1 · Cited by 34
“Taking into account the low contribution from foods to total dietary vitamin D intake, the 396 findings of the present and those of other European studies [40,41], highlight the significant 397 role of other sources, notably dietary supplements.”
ResultElste, V., Troesch, B., Eggersdorfer, M. L., & Weber, P. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050503 · Cited by 34
“Similarly, it was among the three most commonly used supplements in a study across Europe [119], and supplements can therefore be assumed to play an important role as dietary sources for the vitamin.”
BackgroundInfluentialAglago, E. K., Cross, A. J., Ríboli, E., Fedirko, V., Hughes, D. J., Fournier, A., Jakszyn, P. G., Freisling, H., Gunter, M. J., Dahm, C. C., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-023-02164-7 · Cited by 36
Self-citationFood Group and Micronutrient Intake Adequacy among Children, Adults and Elderly Women in Greece
Μanios, Y., Moschonis, G., Grammatikaki, E., Mavrogianni, C., van den Heuvel, E. G. H. M., Bos, R., & Singh‐Povel, C. M. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7031841 · Cited by 34
“5%) [35] could be used not only for interpreting the results of the current and previous studies [36] on vitamin D, but also for facilitating future research and possibly discussions on vitamin D food fortification policy in southern Europe.”
de Batlle, J., Ferrari, P., Chajès, V., Park, J. Y., Slimani, N., McKenzie, F., Overvad, K., Roswall, N., Tjønneland, A. M., Boutron‐Ruault, M., et al. (2014) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dju367 · Cited by 33
“Finally, although the use of folic acid–containing supplements in EPIC was low (43), a very recent meta-analysis of folic acid intervention trials indicates that mid-to-long term (≥3 years) acid folic supplementation may be associated with decreased risk of BC (17).”
ResultSelf-citationUse of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany—Results from EsKiMo II
Perlitz, H., Mensink, G., Barbosa, C. L., Richter, A., Brettschneider, A.-K., Lehmann, F., Patelakis, E., Frank, M., Heide, K., & Haftenberger, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061208 · Cited by 33
“In most western countries, the use of dietary supplements among children and adolescents is higher than in Germany [20–23], which is also confirmed for adults [24].”
BackgroundNyambuya, T. M., Nkambule, B. B., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S. E., Mxinwa, V., Mokgalaboni, K., Orlando, P., Silvestri, S., Louw, J., Tiano, L., & Dludla, P. V. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25235645 · Cited by 34
“Consequently, a very large population of patients with diabetes, particularly in developed countries, are now taking dietary supplements to enhance the efficacy of their medication [44,45].”
BackgroundDietary Iron and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Review of Human Population Studies
Ashmore, J. H., Rogers, C. J., Kelleher, S. L., Lesko, S. M., & Hartman, T. J. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.749208 · Cited by 33
Dludla, P. V., Nkambule, B. B., Nyambuya, T. M., Ziqubu, K., Mabhida, S. E., Mxinwa, V., Mokgalaboni, K., Ndevahoma, F., Hanser, S., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S. E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1011002 · Cited by 34
“Dietary supplements have become an attractive target to investigate for their health benefits, especially due to their envisaged safety profile and potential bioactive properties (16, 57, 58).”
BackgroundFolate intake and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tio, M., Andrici, J., & Eslick, G. D. (2014) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-014-2969-8 · Cited by 31
“With the prevalence of dietary supplement use approaching 50 % in developed countries [65, 66], further studies incorporating total folate use rather than dietary folate alone are needed.”
BackgroundEgnell, M., Fassier, P., Lécuyer, L., Zelek, L. H., Vasson, M., Herçberg, S., Latino‐Martel, P., Galan, P., Deschasaux, M., & Touvier, M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050488 · Cited by 31
“Dietary supplement use is constantly increasing in western countries and their omission in many European epidemiological studies may lead to underestimating the intake [21].”
Self-citationVermeulen, E., Zamora‐Ros, R., Duell, E. J., Luján‐Barroso, L., Boeing, H., Aleksandrova, K., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Scalbert, A., Romieu, I., Fedirko, V., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt026 · Cited by 31
Self-citationMaierean, S. M., Webb, R. J., Banach, M., & Mazidi, M. (2022) · European Heart Journal Open · doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeac039 · Cited by 32
Poniedziałek, B., Niedzielski, P., Kozak, L., Rzymski, P., Wachelka, M., Rzymska, I., Karczewski, J., & Rzymski, P. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety · doi:10.1007/s00003-018-1148-y · Cited by 29
“Their popularity in Europe is also recently increasing with the highest consumption typical in northern countries (Reinert et al. 2007; Skeie et al. 2009).”
BackgroundGargallo-Fernández, M., Izquierdo, J. Q. I., Marset, J. B., Lesmes, I. B., Formiguera, X., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2012.27.3.5679 · Cited by 32
“Even though, the consumption percentage of dietary supplements is lower than that observed in other European countries such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Switzerland or Norway, where in some cases it equals a third of the population.(210) The American Dietetic Association (ADA) indicates that in the United States on…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Skeie, G., Braaten, T., Hjartåker, A., Lentjes, M., Amiano, P., Jakszyn, P., Pala, V, Palanca, A., Niekerk, E. M., Verhagen, H., Avloniti, K., Psaltopoulou, T., Niravong, M., Touvier, M., Nimptsch, K., Haubrock, J., Walker, L., Spencer, E. A., Roswall, N., Olsen, A., Wallström, P., Nilsson, S., Casagrande, C., Deharveng, G., Hellström, V, Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Tjønneland, A., Joensen, A. M., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Trichopoulou, A., Martinez, C., Rodríguez, L., Frasca, G., Sacerdote, C., Peeters, P. H. M., Linseisen, J., Schienkiewitz, A., Welch, A. A., Manjer, J., Ferrari, P., Riboli, E., Bingham, S., Engeset, D., Lund, E., & Slimani, N.
- Affiliations
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Cancer Registry of Norway (NO)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Basque Government (ES)
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ES)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IT)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Inserm (FR)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Danish Cancer Society (DK)
- Lund University (SE)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
- Institute for Scientific Interchange (IT)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Skeie, G
- ORCID
- Skeie, G
- Braaten, T
- Hjartåker, A
- Lentjes, M
- Amiano, P
- Jakszyn, P
- Pala, V
- Palanca, A
- Verhagen, H
- Touvier, M
- Nimptsch, K
- Spencer, E A
- Roswall, N
- Olsen, A
- Wallström, P
- Casagrande, C
- Tjønneland, A
- Joensen, A M
- Trichopoulou, A
- Rodríguez, L
- Sacerdote, C
- Peeters, P H M
- Linseisen, J
- Schienkiewitz, A
- Welch, A A
- Manjer, J
- Ferrari, P
- Engeset, D
- Lund, E
- Slimani, N
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- S4
- Pages
- S226-S238
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2036860790
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kreftforeningen
- EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering (Stiftelsen Dam)
- Wellcome Trust
- Cancer Research UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Keywords
- supplement use, vitamins, minerals, sex differences, north-south gradient, country variation, nutrient intake, 24-hour dietary recall
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diet, Diet Surveys, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Diet Records, Micronutrients, Dietary Supplements
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