Meal and snacking patterns of school-aged children in Scotland
Abstract
Background Current lifestyles and the choice and availability of foods may influence the eating patterns of children. The aim of this study was to investigate the meal and snacking patterns of school-aged children in Scotland.Methods A sub-sample of 156 children (5-17 years) from the national Survey of Sugar Intake among Children in Scotland completed a 4-day non-weighed diet diary. Meals and snacks were defined using a food-based classification system based on 'core' and 'non-core' foods. The first eating event containing a solid food item up to and including 0900 hours (1100 hours on weekend days) was defined as breakfast. Frequency of meal and snack consumption was compared between age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and socio-economic sub-groups, between term-time and school holidays and between weekdays and weekend days. Intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) on these days were also compared.Results Children ate a median of 3.3 meals plus 2.0 snacks per day, which did not vary between age and BMI groups. In all, 83% of children ate breakfast on all 4 days. Boys ate more meals than girls but the number of snacks was similar. Children from lower socio-economic groups tended to eat more meals and fewer snacks. Snacks accounted for 21% of the total daily energy intake, 22% of total fat, 24% of SFA and 39% of NMES intake. Daily intake of energy, total fat, SFA and NMES did not differ between term-time and holidays or weekdays and weekend days.Conclusions Children tended to follow a traditional pattern of three meals a day, which was consistent between age and BMI subgroups and between school term-time and holidays.
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Rogério, P., & Rodrigues, M. (2013)
Parental influences on child snacking
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Snacking Is Prevalent in Mexico
Duffey, K. J., Popkin, B. M., & Rivera, J. Á. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/j1kk-3d40
Diet, body adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in a population sample of primary school children
Eloranta, A. (2014) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
Frequency of Eating during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain: A Systematic Review
Heymsfield, S. B., Boushey, C. J., Leidy, H. J., Mattes, R. D., Kleinman, R. E., Callahan, E. H., Butera, G., Terry, N. L., & Obbagy, J. (2020) · doi:10.52570/nesr.dgac2020.sr0605
Wills, W. (2012) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)
Februhartanty, J., Pranoto, R. J., Khusun, H., & Chandra, D. N. (2025) · Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences · doi:10.47836/mjmhs.21.3.14
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- Authors
- Macdiarmid, J., Loe, J., Craig, L. C. A., Masson, L. F., Holmes, B., & McNeill, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Macdiarmid, J
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2009-08-26
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1297-1304
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2138208538
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- meal patterns, snacking, school-aged children, breakfast consumption, dietary fat intake, saturated fatty acids, non-milk extrinsic sugars, socioeconomic status, energy intake
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Energy Intake, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Choice Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fats, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Scotland, Socioeconomic Factors, Body Mass Index, Age Distribution, Dietary Sucrose, Overweight
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