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Prevalence of white-coat and masked hypertension in national and international registries
Open accessAbstract
In the past two decades, techniques for the measurement of blood pressure outside the medical setting have unmasked highly prevalent situations. A significant proportion of patients with office blood pressure levels above the thresholds for diagnosing hypertension or above the limits where those being treated are considered to be adequately controlled actually show normal ambulatory blood pressure levels. These patients have white-coat hypertension if untreated or false resistance to antihypertensive therapy because of the white-coat effect if treated. However, some individuals with normal office blood pressure measurements show elevated ambulatory blood pressure levels, and thus have masked hypertension if untreated or masked uncontrolled hypertension if treated. When looking for white-coat hypertension in patients with elevated office blood pressure levels or when looking for masked hypertension in office-controlled patients, up to one in three patients in each scenario would have white-coat or masked hypertension. Although related clinical factors, such as age, gender and global cardiovascular risk, are associated with both conditions, their abilities to predict such a misclassification are very low. Thus, assessing individual blood pressure levels by means of an ambulatory technique, particularly ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, is now considered a priority in diagnosing hypertension and in evaluating hypertension control.
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“Although office BP was the most commonly used method by the included RCTs and in clinical practice, it is consistently least predictive of cardiovascular outcomes among BP measurement methods due to both white-coat and masked effects 51,52”
From Effect and Acceptability of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Patients With Elevated Blood Pressure or Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
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Hwang, K. O., Aigbe, A., Ju, H.-H., Jackson, V. C., & Sedlock, E. W. (2018) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150132718816929 · Cited by 53
“An estimated 10% to 50% of patients with high office BP readings have normal BP outside the office.(17) Improper measurement technique leading to falsely elevated BP measurements can lead to unnecessary initiation or escalation of BP medications with their attendant adverse effects and added costs.”
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Self-citationPrevalence of white coat and masked hypertension in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Self-citationGijón‐Conde, T., Gorostidi, M., Camafort, M., Abad-Cardiel, M., Martín-Rioboó, E., Morales‐Olivas, F. J., Vinyoles, E., Armario, P., Banegas, J. R., Coca, A., et al. (2018) · Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular · doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2018.04.001 · Cited by 65
Self-citationRSSDI Guidelines for the management of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus
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“Patients with office BP values at least 20/10 mmHg higher when compared with their ambulatory values are positive for white coat hypertension [21].”
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Self-citationA retrospective analysis of factors affecting surgical site infection in orthopaedic patients
Yang, J., Zhang, X., & Liang, W. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520907776 · Cited by 39
“Hypertension is common and its prevalence is rising in China as well as in other countries.(35,36) In an earlier study, hypertension was not found to be associated with increased SSI after posterior lumbar surgery(16) or only weakly associated with SSI in spinal surgery,(37) suggesting that the effect of hypertension…”
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Nugroho, P., Andrew, H., Kohar, K., Noor, C. A., & Sutranto, A. L. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2044510 · Cited by 43
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Prediction of Masked Hypertension and Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension Using Machine Learning
Hung, M.-H., Shih, L.-C., Wang, Y.-C., Leu, H., Huang, P.-H., Wu, T., Lin, S.-J., Pan, W., Chen, J.-W., & Huang, C.-C. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.778306 · Cited by 33
“International registries show that MH/MUCH is a highly prevalent condition, present in up to one in three office-controlled patients (8).”
BackgroundHealth Care Expenditures and Use Associated with Hypertension Among U.S. Adults
Wang, Y., Lee, J. S., Pollack, L. M., Kumar, A., Honeycutt, S., & Luo, F. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.07.005 · Cited by 30
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“About one third of our patients with elevated clinic BP had white-coat hypertension in untreated patients or white-coat BP elevation in previously treated patients, similar to the 15% to 30% prevalence of white-coat hypertension in untreated patients and 25% to 38% prevalence of white-coat BP elevation in treated pati…”
ResultAmbulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients with inclusion criteria for the SPRINT trial
de la Sierra, A., Banegas, J. R., Divisón, J. A., Gorostidi, M., Vinyoles, E., de la Cruz, J. J., Segura, J., & Ruilope, L. M. (2016) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2016.10.013 · Cited by 23
Self-citationThe dawning of the digital era in the management of hypertension
Matsuoka, R., Akazawa, H., Kodera, S., & Komuro, I. (2020) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0506-1 · Cited by 23
Diagnosing Hypertension in Primary Care Clinics According to Current Guidelines
Woolsey, S., Brown, B. A., Ralls, B., Friedrichs, M. D., & Stults, B. M. (2017) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.02.160111 · Cited by 23
“Discussion The 2015 USPSTF Recommendations for Screening for High BP in Adults(6) and other recent international guidelines aim to improve the accuracy of hypertension diagnosis (1) by using correct OBPM technique to avoid the frequent overestimation and occasional underestimation of office BP resulting from incorrect…”
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Relationship Between Outpatient Clinic and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements and Mortality
Aung, K., & Htay, T. (2019) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-019-1114-z · Cited by 23
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“The intermittent blood-pressure measurements vary widely and cannot reflect an individual’s true blood pressure accurately, such as the “white-coat hypertension” and “masked hypertension” [5].”
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“This small decrease might be explained by the “whitecoat” effects [25, 26], or anxiety that could lead to the increased BP levels.”
BackgroundSex Differences in Ambulatory Blood Pressure Levels and Subtypes in a Large Italian Community Cohort
Omboni, S., Khan, N. A., Kunadian, V., Olszanecka, A., Schutte, A. E., & Mihailidou, A. S. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20589 · Cited by 19
Effect of hospitalization on gastrointestinal motility and pH in dogs
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Smith, W., Colbert, B., Namouz, T., Caven, D., Ewing, J. A., & Albano, A. W. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12161583 · Cited by 21
“However, this method may be affected by “White Coat Syndrome” and “Masked Uncontrolled HTN”, where office measurements may not accurately reflect the patient’s average blood pressure in a home or ambulatory setting [6].”
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The prognostic value of blood pressure control delay in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients
Martín-Fernández, M., Vinyoles, E., Real, J., Soldevila, N., Muñoz, M. Á., García, J. L. D. V., Verdú-Rotellar, J. M., Domingo, M., & Mundet, X. (2018) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001896 · Cited by 18
Self-citationZhang, Q., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, M., Liang, Y., & Xi, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00307 · Cited by 18
“This trend might be explained by the “white-coat” effects (17, 18), or anxiety (19) that can result in increased BP levels.”
BackgroundRecomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2022
Orozco‐Beltrán, D., Cuixart, C. B., Banegas, J. R., Gil-Guillén, V. F., Cuenca, A. M. C., Rioboó, E. M., Baldó, A. J., Vicuña, J., & Pérez, J. N. (2022) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102444 · Cited by 64
Self-citationRelationship Between Type of Hypertension and Renal Arteriolosclerosis in Chronic Glomerular Disease
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Gijón‐Conde, T., Graciani, A., López‐García, E., Guallar‐Castillón, P., García‐Esquinas, E., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., & Banegas, J. R. (2017) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2017.9 · Cited by 16
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“Background Among hypertensive patients, 10% to 50% of their office blood pressure (BP) readings are higher than the home blood pressure readings [1].”
BackgroundBo, Y., Kwok, K. O., Chu, K. K.-Y., Leung, E. Y.-H., Yu, C. P., Wong, S. Y. S., & Lee, E. K. P. (2021) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-020-01118-1 · Cited by 19
“Clinically, manual office BP (MOBP) measurements involve BP measurements performed by doctors or clinical staff using a mercury, aneroid, or electronic oscillometric sphygmomanometer and are prone to both white-coat and masked effects [9].”
MethodDoane, J., Flynn, M. C., Archibald, M., Ramírez, D. D. L. A., Conroy, M. B., & Stults, B. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13840 · Cited by 13
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“End-of-treatment BP comparisons were selected as the primary outcome measure because of errors associated with high screening and baseline BP, attributed to white coat syndrome, or similar participant unsettling due to unfamiliar circumstances on initial BP measurements [37].”
BackgroundAlves, M. A. M., Feitosa, A. D. M., Gomes, M. A. M., de Paiva, A. M. G., Barroso, W. K. S., Miranda, R. D., Barbosa, E. C. D., Brandão, A. A., Diniz, P. G. S., Berwanger, O. B., et al. (2022) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-022-01103-y · Cited by 14
“that, individually, each specific variable had only a modest ability to predict MH regardless of the defining criteria, which corroborates previously reported data [21].”
ResultThe many faces of hypertension in individuals with type 1 diabetes
Lithovius, R., & Groop, P. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110564 · Cited by 15
Castagna, F., McDonnell, B. J., Mondellini, G. M., Gaudig, A., Pinsino, A., McEniery, C. M., Stöhr, E. J., Takeda, K., Naka, Y., Uriel, N. Y., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2022.02.016 · Cited by 13
Ge, W., Han, D., Ding, Z., Yi, L., Yang, Z., Wang, X.-N., Xiao, Y., Liang, F., Hai, B., Lv, H., et al. (2022) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-022-00626-1 · Cited by 12
“Three separate BP visits can significantly reduce the impact of the “white coat effect” or other confounding factors, and thus may contribute to accurate screening of individuals who require further clinical diagnosis and treatment [11, 12].”
Backgroundde la Sierra, A. (2016) · Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular · doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2016.06.004 · Cited by 12
Asayama, K. (2017) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2017.60 · Cited by 12
Crutzen, C., & Adam, S. (2022) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.1138 · Cited by 10
Cai, A., Liu, L., Siddiqui, M., Zhou, D., Chen, J., Calhoun, D. A., Tang, S., Zhou, Y., & Feng, Y. (2020) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaa130 · Cited by 11
de la Sierra, A., Ruilope, L. M., Staplin, N., Stergiou, G. S., & Williams, B. (2024) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003950 · Cited by 11
“Its prevalence ranges from 5 to 10% among the general hypertensive population, but from 15 to 30% among patients with normal office BP [2].”
Smart cities and smart health: Innovations in home medical devices for efficient healthcare delivery
Cai, T., Ma, J., & Ge‐Zhang, S. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105739 · Cited by 11
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“Evidence to date suggests that WCH carries a higher cardiovascular (CV) risk when compared with normotension.4,18,19 Aside from increased CV risk, studies have shown that WCH is also associated with TOD, such as end stage renal disease in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients.20 Moreover, the risk of progressio…”
BackgroundMasked uncontrolled hypertension in patients on maintenance hemodialysis
Liu, W., Wang, L., Sun, Z., Li, X., Zhou, J., Gao, C., Chu, H., Fan, W., Bai, Y., & Yang, J. (2017) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2017.48 · Cited by 9
de la Sierra, A. (2015) · Cardiology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40119-015-0043-1 · Cited by 9
“diabetes, and cardiac or renal organ damage [9, 24]; whereas youth, the male sex, smoking, diabetes, and the presence of organ damage are correlated with a higher probability of presenting masked HTN [23, 25].”
BackgroundUse of Home Blood Pressure Results for Assessing the Quality of Care for Hypertension
Hwang, K. O., Thomas, E. J., & Petersen, L. A. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12365 · Cited by 9
Fang, Y., Zuo, L., Li, J., Shi, H., Zhang, R., Han, C., Lv, L., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm27235 · Cited by 10
“In the nonpregnant population, the prevalence of WCH reported in previous studies varies from 20% to 30% [34,35].”
Courand, P., Harbaoui, B., Serraille, M., Berge, C., & Lantelme, P. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.155 · Cited by 8
Aung, S. M., Güler, A., Güler, Y., Karabay, C. Y., & Akdemir, İ. (2016) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/mbp.0000000000000226 · Cited by 8
Colburn, D. A. M., Chern, T. L., Guo, V. E., Salamat, K. A., Pugliese, D. N., Bradley, C., Shimbo, D., & Sia, S. K. (2025) · npj Biosensing · doi:10.1038/s44328-024-00021-y · Cited by 9
Zhang, P., Jin, M., Song, X., Wang, Z., Jiang, Y.-H., & Yang, C. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024127 · Cited by 7
“5) The pre- and post-treatment SBP andDBP of each patient were measured by ABPM, which is now the gold standard measurement and the most cost-effective strategy for diagnosing hypertension, evaluating true BP level.([14]) ABPM is recognized as a predictor of CV morbidity and mortality superior to office BP measurement…”
MethodJiang, H., Yu, Z., Liu, J., & Zhang, W. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-1405 · Cited by 7
“The following selection criteria were applied to the literature: (I) the study included adult patients with hypertension as diagnosed by SBP ≥140 mmHg or DBP ≥90 mmHg (11); (II) experimental trials of antihypertensive drugs for at least 6 weeks (including calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibit…”
Methodon behalf of the Turkish Society of Hypertension and Renal Diseases, Ulusoy, Ş., Özkan, G., Arıcı, M., Derici, Ü., Akpolat, T., Şengül, Ş., Yılmaz, R., Ertürk, Ş., & Erdem, Y. (2019) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-019-0284-x · Cited by 7
Seasonal variation in blood pressure: what is still missing?
Barbosa, E. C. D., Farina, G. S., Basso, C. S., Camafort, M., Coca, A., & Nadruz, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1233325 · Cited by 8
“MH and WCH may have heterogeneous prevalence in diverse clinical settings and populations, reaching 7%–52% and 9%–54% respectively (12, 13).”
BackgroundMonitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial. Situación actual y perspectivas futuras
de la Sierra, A. (2024) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2023.12.023 · Cited by 6
Lopez, G., Cataldi, F., Bellin, G., Dunning, J. R., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Galeno, E., Meroni, R., Maselli, F., & Mourad, F. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11081165 · Cited by 6
Kesten, S., Qasem, A., & Avolio, A. P. (2022) · Artery Research · doi:10.1007/s44200-022-00023-z · Cited by 6
“[47] The incidence is increased in the elderly, men, elevated lipids, and obesity [48].”
BackgroundMandyata, C., Sivile, S., Bosomprah, S., Somwe, P., Zyambo, C. M., Musukuma, M., Mweemba, A., Chavula, M. P., Sichilima, C., Bwembya, P. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.70051 · Cited by 5
“This method was necessary to minimize the influence of short-term variability and the white coat effect, thus producing a more reliable estimate of resting blood pressure [45].”
Premužić, V., Prijić, R., Jelaković, M., Krznarić, Ž., Čuković‐Čavka, S., & Jelaković, B. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000029722 · Cited by 5
Soleimani, H., Mohammadi, N. S. H., Namin, S. M., Nasrollahizadeh, A., Azardar, T., Najafi, K., Çilingiroğlu, M., Syed, M., Askari, M. K., Gupta, R., et al. (2025) · Current Hypertension Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115734021337639250203175636 · Cited by 6
American Versus European Hypertension Guidelines: The Case of White Coat Hypertension
Cuspidi, C., Paoletti, F., Tadic, M. V., Sala, C., Dell’Oro, R., Grassi, G. M., & Mancia, G. (2020) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaa029 · Cited by 6
Hipertansiyon Tanısı Olan Hastaların Hastalıkları Hakkındaki Bilgi Düzeyleri ve İlişkili Faktörler
ARIKAN, A., AYDIN, A., Ekerbiçer, H. Ç., KARAAYAÇ, R., ZEYTİNOĞLU, Y., MURATDAĞI, G., SEZER, M. N., ETÇİOĞLU, E., KARADENİZ, F., & Kurban, A. (2020) · Sakarya Medical Journal · doi:10.31832/smj.745870 · Cited by 5
Lim, J. Y., Oka, P., Ong, L., Pitchay, J. B. M., & Ng, W. L. (2025) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/20101058251350732 · Cited by 4
Okorie, M., Ali, K., Bremner, S. A., Beckett, N. S., Jackson, S., Quirk, R., McAlister, C., Perry, N., Potter, J. F., Bulpitt, C. J., et al. (2019) · Artery Research · doi:10.2991/artres.k.191106.001 · Cited by 4
“WCH is defined as persistently raised clinic blood pressure readings (≥140/90 mmHg) in individuals who have normal HBPM or ABPM readings (<135/85 mmHg) and may affect up to 50% of the population, according to some studies [13,14].”
Huang, H., Cao, Y., Li, J., Liu, C., Owusu‐Agyeman, M., Chen, B., Li, L., Du, F., Hu, X., Liu, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13863 · Cited by 4
How do family physicians measure blood pressure in routine clinical practice
Kaczorowski, J. A., Myers, M. G., Gelfer, M., Dawes, M. G., Mang, E. J., Berg, A., Grande, C. D., & Kljujic, D. (2017) · Canadian Family Physician · Cited by 4
Masked arterial hypertension: what is known and what expected to be learned?
Gorshkov, A. Y., Александрович, Ф. А., & Drapkina, O. M. (2020) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed202023062143 · Cited by 3
Hipertensión de bata blanca. Criterios de abordaje y pronóstico
Bargalló, E. V. (2020) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.fmc.2020.03.014 · Cited by 3
Zhang, Z., Wang, S., Yan, J., Xu, Z., Liang, D., Liu, B., Liang, J., & Chen, M. (2021) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605211016144 · Cited by 3
Gómez‐Berrocal, A., Santos, I. D. L., Abad-Pérez, D., Gutiérrez, Á., Ibáñez-Sanz, P., Sanz-Sanz, J., & Suárez, C. (2020) · Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) · doi:10.1177/2325958220935693 · Cited by 3
Nagaraju, S. P., Shenoy, S. V., Rau, N. R., Prabhu, R., Mateti, U. V., Rangaswamy, D., Rao, I. R., & Saraf, K. (2018) · Indian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.4103/ijn.ijn_418_17 · Cited by 2
White-coat hypertension and albuminuria; lessons from the Hisayama and Ohasama studies
Nagasawa, Y., Kida, A., Hasuike, Y., Kuragano, T., & Nakanishi, T. (2018) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-018-0036-2 · Cited by 2
Hypertension in the Elderly: Pathophysiology and Clinical Significance
Chia, Y. C. (2022) · Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95734-6_17 · Cited by 5
Prevalence of White Coat Hypertension in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Mohd, R., Yahya, N. H., Cader, R. A., Gafor, A. H. A., Yaacob, Y., & Hod, R. (2018) · Nephro-Urology Monthly · doi:10.5812/numonthly.61774 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, the high prevalence of WCHT among the CKD population leads to misclassification of true BP (13, 14).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHayek, M. A., Catacora, A., Lawley, M., Kum, H., & Ohsfeldt, R. L. (2024) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329241283797 · Cited by 1
“19-21 In the ABPM arm of the model, untreated patients with WCH in each year may transition to ABPM-confirmed hypertension in the next year and initiate hypertensive treatment.”
MethodHotz, L., Burkard, T., Rana, A., Wenker, C., Jalanthiran, S., Piattini, L., Strobel, N., Vorster, V., Menzinger, Z., Eichler, S., et al. (2025) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-025-02191-2 · Cited by 3
“White-coat hypertension occurred in less than 5% of our cohort at 12 months, lower than reported in other national registries, likely due to the use of unattended of fi ce blood pressure monitoring, which is known to reduce white-coat hypertension [35].”
Blood Pressure in Patients Attending an Out-of-Hours Dental Clinic
Iijima, Y., Yamada, M., Nakayama, N., Takahashi, T., Hino, S., Sano, M., Horie, N., & Kaneko, T. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.92878 · Cited by 1
“When measuring blood pressure in an outpatient setting, white coat hypertension should be considered [19].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorostidi, M., Vinyoles, E., Banegas, J. R., & de la Sierra, A.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (ES)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Venue
- Hypertension Research
- Published
- 2014-10-16
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-7
- ISSN
- 0916-9636 (ISSN-L)
- 1348-4214
- OpenAlex
- W2077649372
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Hypertension Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, office blood pressure, hypertension misclassification, hypertension control, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Prevalence, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, White Coat Hypertension, Masked Hypertension
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