Does dieting make you fat? A twin study
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether the paradoxical weight gain associated with dieting is better related to genetic propensity to weight gain than to the weight loss episodes themselves. Subjects Subjects included 4129 individual twins from the population-based FinnTwin16 study (90% of twins born in Finland 1975-1979). Weight and height were obtained from longitudinal surveys at 16, 17, 18 and 25 years, and number of lifetime intentional weight loss (IWL) episodes of more than 5 kg at 25 years. Results IWLs predicted accelerated weight gain and risk of overweight. The odds of becoming overweight (body mass index (BMI)≥ 25 kg m(-2)) by 25 years were significantly greater in subjects with one (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6, and OR 2.7, 1.7-4.3 in males and females, respectively), or two or more (OR 2.0, 1.3-3.3, and OR 5.2, 3.2-8.6, in males and females, respectively), IWLs compared with subjects with no IWL. In MZ pairs discordant for IWL, co-twins with at least one IWL were 0.4 kg m(-2) (P=0.041) heavier at 25 years than their non-dieting co-twins (no differences in baseline BMIs). In DZ pairs, co-twins with IWLs gained progressively more weight than non-dieting co-twins (BMI difference 1.7 kg m(-2) at 16 years and 2.2 kg m(-2) at 25 years, P<0.001). Conclusion Our results suggest that frequent IWLs reflect susceptibility to weight gain, rendering dieters prone to future weight gain. The results from the MZ pairs discordant for IWLs suggest that dieting itself may induce a small subsequent weight gain, independent of genetic factors.
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Weight loss interventions may not be sustainable and potentially lead to greater risk in the long term.
“weight loss interventions may not be sustainable and potentially lead to greater risk in the long term [55,56,57,58,59].”
From Moving beyond Weight: A Narrative Review of the Dietary and Lifestyle Management for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
The sustainability of weight loss interventions has been questioned, and weight cycling has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
“the sustainability of weight loss interventions has been questioned [55,56,57], and weight cycling has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease [58,59]”
From Moving beyond Weight: A Narrative Review of the Dietary and Lifestyle Management for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Pietiläinen, K. H., Saarni, S. E., Kaprio, J., & Rissanen, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pietiläinen, K H
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2011-08-09
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 456-464
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W1142825731
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (#NNF10OC1013354)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-09203, AA12502, R01AA009203)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- dieting, intentional weight loss, twin discordance, monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, body mass index, overweight, childhood obesity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Weight, Diet, Female, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Motor Activity, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Twins, Monozygotic, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Intention
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