Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.
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Dietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating.
“Dietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Polivy & Herman, 1985
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Dietary Restraint, Body Dissatisfaction, and Psychological Distress: A Prospective Analysis.
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“” Leading researchers have found that rigid dieting is usually disrupted by episodes of overeating [72, 76] and is associated with eating in the absence of hunger [73] in experimental research.”
Stice, E. M., & Agras, W. S. (1998) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(98)80006-3 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Eating in the absence of hunger and overweight in girls from 5 to 7 y of age,,
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“This problematic eating behavior is associated with weight status and gain (28, 29), weight fluctuations (30), and binge eating in adults (31) and is thought to be produced, in part, by self-imposed rigid restrictions placed on eating (32, 33).”
BackgroundSchaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Thompson, J. K., Dedrick, R. F., Heinberg, L. J., Calogero, R. M., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Higgins, M. K., Frederick, D. A., Kelly, M. C., et al. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0037917 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
“…& Smith, 2010; Harris & Carr, 2001; Heatherton, Mahamedi, Striepe, Field, & Keel, 1997; Jones, Bennett, Olmsted, Lawson, & Rodin, 2001; Polivy & Herman, 1985), each sample in the current investigation was limited to individuals between the ages of 18 and 30 in order to maintain…”
BackgroundAre eating disorders culture-bound syndromes? Implications for conceptualizing their etiology
Keel, P. K., & Klump, K. L. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.747 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
“According to the restraint hypothesis (Polivy & Herman, 1985), one would expect that the fasting evident throughout the twelfth to the nineteenth centuries would result in binge eating for a number of young women.”
BackgroundCauses of Emotional Eating and Matched Treatment of Obesity
van Strien, T. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1000-x · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Obesity and mental disorders in the general population: results from the world mental health surveys
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“Women are under more pressure to be thin, and experience greater body dissatisfaction (14,30–32); these factors may trigger or maintain obesity through mechanisms such as the paradoxically disinhibiting effects of dietary restraint (33), or emotional eating (34).”
BackgroundConfronting the failure of behavioral and dietary treatments for obesity
Garner, D. M., & Wooley, S. C. (1991) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90128-h · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Psychological Consequences of Food Restriction
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Self-citationA Biopsychosocial Model of Disordered Eating and the Pursuit of Muscularity in Adolescent Boys.
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Obesity: Responding to the global epidemic.
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“25 Some studies have provided further support for this model, showing dietary restraint is associated with increased binge eating episodes among those with BED, 26–27 while other studies have shown dietary restraint precedes binge eating only about half of the time.”
BackgroundCanetti, L., Bachar, E., & Berry, E. M. (2002) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00082-7 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories of Eating Disorders
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“By the 1980s and early 1990s, concepts from dietary restraint theory (Polivy & Herman, 1985) and escape from negative affect (Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991) were hypothesized as the primary determinants of binge eating.”
BackgroundWhiteside, U., Chen, E., Neighbors, C., Hunter, D., Lo, T., & Larimer, M. (2007) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.04.001 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“Dietary restraint is defined as the intention to restrict food for weight loss or maintenance (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
BackgroundA learning model of binge eating: Cue reactivity and cue exposure
Jansen, A. T. M. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00055-2 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
“It is a main diagnostic criterion of bulimia nervosa and nearly half of the patients with anorexia nervosa (Wardle and Beinart, 1981; Polivy and Herman, 1985) as well as 15% to 50% of the obese participating in weight-control programs (Marcus et al., 1985) are characterized by recurrent episodes of…”
BackgroundThe Yale-Brown-Cornell eating disorder scale: A new scale to assess eating disorder symptomatology
Sunday, S. R., Halmi, K. A., & Einhorn, A. M. (1995) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199511)18:3 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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Ogden, J., Reynolds, R. C., & Smith, A. D. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.03.330 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“Ogden, 2003; Polivy & Herman, 1985, 1999).”
Mishkind, M. E., Rodin, J., Silberstein, L. R., & Striegel‐Moore, R. H. (1986) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/000276486029005004 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
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Overweight and obese teenagers: why is adolescence a critical period?
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“Dietary restraint, the conscious restriction of calories to control body weight, is well documented to be a risk factor in the development and maintenance of binge eating and eating disorders (162), has been associated with obesity (163) and is predictive of future weight gain in youth (164,165).”
BackgroundDietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior
Johnson, F., Pratt, M., & Wardle, J. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.156 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Food Craving and Food “Addiction”
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“Additionally, CR or the intent to restrict intake has been associated with the onset of eating disorders, including anorexia (105) and bulimia nervosa (65), and binge eating disorder (106).”
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“It has been viewed as: being a major contributor to the development of binge eating (2) and eating disorders (3); producing an exaggerated reduction in metabolic rate when weight is lost, making weight regain more likely (4); producing cumulative adverse effects on physiological (5) and psychological (3,6) functioning…”
BackgroundBody Dissatisfaction, Dietary Restraint, Depression, and Weight Status in Adolescents
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van Strien, T., Herman, C. P., & Verheijden, M. W. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.010 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“However, because it is still unresolved whether restrained eating is a cause or consequence of overeating tendencies (Polivy & Herman, 1985; Van Strien, Van de Laar, et al., 2007), it may be preferable to use a phenomenological description of (over) eating.1 In close correspondence with the two…”
Self-citationExposure to Media Images of Female Attractiveness and Concern with Body Weight Among Young Women1
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“We suggest that the effect of media exposure on females’ weight concern results from a social comparison process whereby female perceivers assess the ir appearance relative to socie ty’s standard as depicted in the media (Heinbe rg & Thompson‚ 1992a‚ b; Wood‚ 1989; but see Cash et al.‚ 1983) .”
InfluentialDietary restraint and disinhibition: Is restraint a homogeneous construct?
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“Eating disorder models have long held that inappropriate (e.g., extreme or rigid) dietary restraint is a causal antecedent to binge eating (Fairburn & Harrison, 2003; Herman & Polivy, 1990; Howard & Porzelius, 1999; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Telch & Agras, 1993).”
Coping with food cravings. Investigating the potential of a mindfulness-based intervention
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“Dietary restraint in turn is hypothesised to be an important risk factor for eating pathology, as for metabolic and psychological reasons it sows the seeds of its own destruction (Lowe, 2002, p. 90) and produces overeating (Polivy and Herman, 1985).”
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“In addition, although many patients with binge eating disorders or bulimia nervosa report dieting prior to eating disorder onset, this is not a universal experience (28,46).”
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“…concerned with their weight are among the most likely to categorize meals according to the good/bad dichotomy into virtues and vices (Polivy & Herman, 1983; Polivy & Herman, 1985; Scott, Nowlis, Mandel, & Morales, 2008; Dholakia, Gopinath, Bagozzi, & Nataraajan, 2006; McFerran et al., 2010).”
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Corwin, R. L., Wojnicki, F. H. E., Fisher, J. O., Dimitriou, S. G., Rice, H. B., & Young, M. A. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00201-7 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Emotional, external, restrained eating and overweight in Dutch adolescents
Snoek, H. M., van Strien, T., Janssens, J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00568.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Therefore dieting is not always successful for long-term weight control of adolescents (Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Position of The American Dietetic Association
FREELAND-GRAVES, J. H., & Nitzke, S. A. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90030-1 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Chronic food restriction: Enhancing effects on drug reward and striatal cell signaling
Carr, K. D. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.021 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Women and Weight: Gendered Messages on Magazine Covers
Malkin, A. R., Wornian, K., & Chrisler, J. C. (1999) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1018848332464 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
- Authors
- Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1985
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 193-201
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2038644397
- Cited by
- 1,539
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 40.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- dieting, binge eating, dietary habits, causal analysis, weight management, eating disorders
- MeSH terms
- Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Hyperphagia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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