Longitudinal association between dairy consumption and changes of body weight and waist circumference: the Framingham Heart Study
Open accessAbstract
Background Dairy foods are nutrient dense and may be protective against long-term weight gain.Objective We aimed to examine the longitudinal association between dairy consumption and annualized changes in weight and waist circumference (WC) in adults.Methods Members of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort who participated in the fifth through eighth study examinations (1991-2008) were included in these analyses (3440 participants with 11 683 observations). At each exam, dietary intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire, and weight and WC were assessed following standardized procedures. Repeated measures models were used for the longitudinal analyses of annualized weight and waist circumference changes, adjusting for time-varying or invariant covariates.Results On average, participants gained weight and WC during follow-up. Dairy intake increased across exams. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors (including diet quality), participants who consumed ≥3 servings per day of total dairy had 0.10 kg (±0.04) smaller annualized increment of weight (P(trend)=0.04) than those consuming <1 serving per day. Higher total dairy intake was also marginally associated with less WC gain (P(trend)=0.05). Similarly, participants who consumed ≥3 servings per week of yogurt had a 0.10 kg (±0.04) and 0.13 cm (±0.05) smaller annualized increment of weight (P(trend)=0.03) and WC (P(trend)=0.008) than those consuming <1 serving per week, respectively. Skim/low-fat milk, cheese, total high-fat or total low-fat dairy intake were not associated with long-term change in weight or WC.Conclusion Further longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to confirm the beneficial role of increasing total dairy and yogurt intake, as part of a healthy and calorie-balanced dietary pattern, in the long-term prevention of gain in weight and WC.
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Other conventional metrics such as total fat, energy density, and added sugar may not reliably identify how specific foods influence weight gain.
“Other conventional metrics – e.g., total fat, energy density, even added sugar– may also not reliably identify how specific foods influence weight gain.28, 29, 51”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
Longitudinal studies suggest no harms of whole-fat milk for obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease in adults.
“Longitudinal studies suggest no harms of whole-fat milk for obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease in adults;28, 29, 51, 57, 58”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
Increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, yogurt, fish, and whole grains each appear to protect against chronic weight gain: the more these foods are consumed, the less the average weight gain.
“Conversely, increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, yogurt, fish, and whole grains each appear to protect against chronic weight gain: the more these foods are consumed, the less the average weight gain.28, 29, 51, 55”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
The gut microbiome appears increasingly important; probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.
“The gut microbiome also appears increasingly important; e.g., probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.28, 29, 51-54”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
Intakes of low-fat milk and whole-fat milk appear relatively neutral for long-term weight control, suggesting they do not perturb normal homeostatic mechanisms.
“In contrast, intakes of other foods, such as low-fat milk and whole-fat milk, appear relatively neutral, suggesting they do not perturb the normal homeostatic mechanisms for long-term weight control.29, 51”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
In longitudinal studies among adults, neither low-fat nor whole-fat milk are appreciably related to chronic weight gain.
“In longitudinal studies among adults, neither low-fat nor whole-fat milk are appreciably related to chronic weight gain.28, 29, 51”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
Yogurt appears protective against long-term weight gain, although when sugar-sweetened, approximately half the benefit appears lost.
“Yogurt appears protective against long-term weight gain,28, 29, 51 although when sugar-sweetened, approximately half the benefit appears lost.29”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
For long-term weight maintenance, the fat content of foods is a poor metric for differentiating protective vs. harmful effects.
“For long-term weight maintenance, the fat content of foods is a poor metric for differentiating protective vs. harmful effects.28, 29, 51”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
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“perturb the normal homeostatic mechanisms for long-term weight control.(29,51) For meats, cheese, and eggs, influences on”
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- Authors
- Wang, H., Troy, L. M., Rogers, G. T., Fox, C. S., McKeown, N. M., Meigs, J. B., & Jacques, P. F.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Framingham Heart Study (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jacques, P F
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2013-05-20
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 299-305
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- PMC
- PMC3809320
- OpenAlex
- W2034519140
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 14.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc25195-41-0-1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01‐HC25195, N01-HC-025195)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- dairy consumption, weight gain, waist circumference, abdominal obesity, yogurt, skim milk, cheese, high-fat dairy, low-fat dairy, dietary intake, Framingham Offspring cohort, longitudinal dietary change
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Energy Intake, Dairy Products, Dietary Proteins, Feeding Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Milk, Obesity, United States, Yogurt, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Diet Records, Waist Circumference
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