Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Background Some intervention studies have suggested that dairy products may influence body weight, but the results remain controversial.Objective We identified and quantified the effects of dairy consumption on body weight and fat mass from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Design We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE databases (to April 2012) of English reports of RCTs regarding dairy consumption on body weight, body fat, or body weight and body fat in adults. The results across studies were pooled by using a random-effects meta-analysis.Results Twenty-nine RCTs were included with a total of 2101 participants. Overall, consumption of dairy products did not result in a significant reduction in weight (-0.14 kg; 95% CI: -0.66, 0.38 kg; I² = 86.3%). In subgroup analysis, consumption of dairy products reduced body weight in the context of energy restriction or short-term intervention (<1 y) trials but had the opposite effect in ad libitum dietary interventions or long-term trials (≥1 y). Twenty-two RCTs that reported results on body fat showed a modest reduction in the dairy group (-0.45 kg; 95% CI: -0.79, -0.11 kg; I² = 70.9%), and further stratified analysis indicated significant beneficial effects of dairy intervention on body fat in energy-restricted or short-term trials but not in long-term or ad libitum studies.Conclusions This meta-analysis does not support the beneficial effect of increasing dairy consumption on body weight and fat loss in long-term studies or studies without energy restriction. However, dairy products may have modest benefits in facilitating weight loss in short-term or energy-restricted RCTs.
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A more beneficial effect of higher intakes of dietary protein may be evident if changes in fat mass are taken into consideration.
“A more beneficial effect of higher intakes of dietary protein may thus be evident if changes in fat mass are taken into consideration.”
From Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein (2021) · cites this paper as [76]
The 'Changes in weight and body fat' section reports that dairy interventions significantly reduced body fat despite no significant difference in body weight, supporting the value of considering fat mass. The Introduction notes that dairy contains protein, but the paper does not establish that higher dietary protein intake, rather than dairy intake, produced the effect. The supplied copy gives no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn short-term randomized trials, adding milk or dairy to energy-restricted diets increases lean mass and reduces body fat, while no significant body compositional effects are seen when adding dairy to ad libitum diets.
“In short-term randomized trials, adding milk or dairy to energy-restricted diets increases lean mass and reduces body fat, while no significant body compositional effects are seen when adding dairy to ad libitum diets.232, 233”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [232]
In short-term randomized trials, adding milk or dairy to energy-restricted diets increases lean mass and reduces body fat, while no significant body compositional effects are seen when adding dairy to ad libitum diets.
“In short-term randomized trials, adding milk or dairy to energy-restricted diets increases lean mass and reduces body fat, while no significant body compositional effects are seen when adding dairy to ad libitum diets.232, 233”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [233]
Increased low-fat dairy consumption is associated with lower LDL-C, triglycerides, plasma insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, BMI, possibly BP, and reduced diabetes risk.
“However, increased low-fat dairy consumption is associated with lower LDL-C, triglycerides, plasma insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, BMI, possibly blood pressure (BP); and reduced diabetes risk (174–182).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [174]
The overall literature does not confirm an important effect of dairy consumption on body weight.
“The consumption of dairy products has been associated with weight loss in small studies (174), but the overall literature does not confirm an important effect on body weight.”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [174]
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“In short-term randomized trials, adding milk or dairy to energy-restricted diets increases lean mass and reduces body fat, whereas no significant body compositional effects are seen when adding dairy to ad libitum diets.(232,233) Long-term effects may vary by the type of dairy.”
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- Authors
- Chen, M., Pan, A., Malik, V. S., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 735-747
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3441106
- OpenAlex
- W2122909543
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DK46200)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA155626)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- dairy products, dairy consumption, body weight, fat mass, weight loss, caloric restriction, ad libitum feeding, long-term dietary intervention, short-term dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Weight, Dairy Products, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Adiposity, Overweight, Secondary Prevention, Young Adult
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