Cited by 377Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeochemistry and Elemental AnalysisMetal Extraction and Bioleaching

Lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria produce organic stalks to control mineral growth: implications for biosignature formation.

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Chan, Clara S, Fakra, Sirine C, Emerson, David, Fleming, Emily J, Edwards, Katrina J·2011·The ISME Journal

Abstract

Neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) are often identified by their distinctive morphologies, such as the extracellular twisted ribbon-like stalks formed by Gallionella ferruginea or Mariprofundus ferrooxydans. Similar filaments preserved in silica are often identified as FeOB fossils in rocks. Although it is assumed that twisted iron stalks are indicative of FeOB, the stalk's metabolic role has not been established. To this end, we studied the marine FeOB M. ferrooxydans by light, X-ray and electron microscopy. Using time-lapse light microscopy, we observed cells excreting stalks during growth (averaging 2.2 μm h(-1)). Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy show that stalks are Fe(III)-rich, whereas cells are low in Fe. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that stalks are composed of several fibrils, which contain few-nanometer-sized iron oxyhydroxide crystals. Lepidocrocite crystals that nucleated on the fibril surface are much larger (∼100 nm), suggesting that mineral growth within fibrils is retarded, relative to sites surrounding fibrils. C and N 1s NEXAFS spectroscopy and fluorescence probing show that stalks primarily contain carboxyl-rich polysaccharides. On the basis of these results, we suggest a physiological model for Fe oxidation in which cells excrete oxidized Fe bound to organic polymers. These organic molecules retard mineral growth, preventing cell encrustation. This model describes an essential role for stalk formation in FeOB growth. We suggest that stalk-like morphologies observed in modern and ancient samples may be correlated confidently with the Fe-oxidizing metabolism as a robust biosignature.

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  • Zetaproteobacteria are often described as ecosystem engineers due to their capacity to shape the local environment by producing iron oxyhydroxide sheaths and stalks.

    “They are often described as ecosystem engineers due to their capacity to shape the local environment by producing iron oxyhydroxide sheaths and stalks (Chan et al., 2011; Fleming et al., 2013; Scott et al., 2015).”

    From Is It First the Egg or the Shrimp? – Diversity and Variation in Microbial Communities Colonizing Broods of the Vent Shrimp Rimicaris exoculata During Embryonic Development (2019) · cites this paper as Chan et al., 2011

    The Introduction identifies Mariprofundus ferrooxydans as a zetaproteobacterium that produces Fe-rich stalks, and the biomineralization model describes iron oxyhydroxide minerals forming on those stalks. The paper does not describe zetaproteobacteria as “ecosystem engineers” or establish the claim about iron oxyhydroxide sheaths. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Authors
Chan, C. S., Fakra, S. C., Emerson, D., Fleming, E. J., & Edwards, K. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
  • Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences (US)
Corresponding author
Chan, Clara S
Venue
The ISME Journal
Published
2010-11-25
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
717-727
ISSN
  • 1751-7362 (ISSN-L)
  • 1751-7370
OpenAlex
W2141074377
Cited by
377
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 27
FWCI
13.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The ISME Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
  • University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (DEAC02-05CH11231)
  • U.S. Department of Energy (-AC02-05CH11231, 05CH11231, DE AC02 05CH11231, DE-AC02-)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
  • University of Delaware
  • China Scholarship Council (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
  • NASA Astrobiology Institute
  • Office of Science (DEAC02–05CH11231, AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC02)
  • Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02, DE-AC02-05CH11231., AC02–05CH11231)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
Keywords
iron-oxidizing bacteria, Gallionella ferruginea, biosignatures, iron oxyhydroxide, bacterial morphology, iron oxidation, marine bacteria, time-lapse microscopy, NEXAFS spectroscopy
MeSH terms
Ferric Compounds, Iron, Minerals, Oxidation-Reduction, Proteobacteria

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