Impact of primary molecular cytogenetic abnormalities and risk of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma
Open accessAbstract
We studied 351 patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) in whom the underlying primary molecular cytogenetic subtype could be determined based on cytoplasmic immunoglobulin fluorescent in situ hybridization studies. Hundred and fifty-four patients (43.9%) had trisomies, 127 (36.2%) had immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) translocations, 14 (4%) both trisomies and IgH translocations, 53 (15.1%) no abnormalities detected and 3 (0.9%) had monosomy13/del(13q) in the absence of any other abnormality. Among 127 patients with IgH translocations, 57 were t(11;14), 36 t(4;14), 11 musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (MAF) translocations, and 23 other or unknown IgH translocation partner. Time to progression (TTP) to symptomatic multiple myeloma was significantly shorter in patients with the t(4;14) compared with patients with t(11;14), median 28 versus 55 months, respectively, P=0.025. The median TTP was 28 months with t(4;14) (high-risk), 34 months with trisomies alone (intermediate-risk), 55 months with t(11;14), MAF translocations, other/unknown IgH translocations, monosomy13/del(13q) without other abnormalities, and those with both trisomies and IgH translocations (standard-risk), and not reached in patients with no detectable abnormalities (low-risk), P=0.001. There was a trend to shorter TTP with deletion 17p (median TTP, 24 months). Overall survival from diagnosis of SMM was significantly inferior with t(4;14) compared with t(11;14), median 105 versus 147 months, respectively, P=0.036.
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Patients with t(4;14), del(17p), or gain(1q) have a higher risk of progression from MGUS or smoldering myeloma to multiple myeloma.
“patients with t(4;14) translocation, del(17p), and gain(1q) are at a higher risk of progression from MGUS or SMM to multiple myeloma.21–23”
From Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report a significantly higher risk of progression to multiple myeloma for patients with SMM and t(4;14). They describe only a trend for del(17p), based on six patients, and do not establish a higher risk for gain(1q) or for patients with MGUS. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn MGUS and SMM, MAFB translocations associate with high-risk genomic features but do not always predict progression.
“In the context of MGUS and SMM, these translocations still associate with high-risk genomic features,59,97,98 but strangely do not always predict progression as one might expect.9,90,99”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [98]
The Results (Impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on progression; page unavailable) classify the MAF translocation group as standard-risk for progression from SMM, and the Discussion says the small number of patients with t(14;20) had progression risk resembling t(11;14). This supports the progression point in SMM, but the paper does not assess progression from MGUS or establish a separate risk estimate for MAFB-associated t(14;20). The high-risk-genomic-features clause is attached to other citations, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMAFB translocations are associated with poor outcomes, genomic complexity, and hyper-APOBEC in MM.
“MAFB translocations are known to be associated with poor outcomes, genomic complexity, and hyper-APOBEC in MM.”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [98]
The Results (Impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on progression; page unavailable) classify MAF translocations, including t(14;20), as standard-risk for progression from smoldering myeloma. That does not establish outcomes for patients with MM, and the passages found do not address genomic complexity or hyper-APOBEC (searched: MAFB, poor prognosis, genomic complexity, APOBEC). (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Rajkumar, S. V., Gupta, V, Fonseca, R., Dispenzieri, A., Gonsalves, W. I., Larson, D., Ketterling, R. P., Lust, J. A., Kyle, R. A., & Kumar, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rajkumar, S V
- ORCID
- Venue
- Leukemia
- Published
- 2013-03-21
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1738-1744
- ISSN
- 0887-6924 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5551
- PMC
- PMC3773463
- OpenAlex
- W2038908179
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 16.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Leukemia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Clinic
- National Cancer Institute (CA 107 476, R01CA083724, CA168762, P50CA100707, CA 83724, CA90297052, R01CA107476, U10CA021115, R01CA168762, CA100707)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- smoldering multiple myeloma, progression to multiple myeloma, chromosomal abnormalities, trisomy, del(13q), monosomy 13, 17p deletion, time to progression, overall survival, risk stratification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chromosome Aberrations, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Myeloma, Risk, Translocation, Genetic, Disease Progression
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