A total-population multigenerational family clustering study of autoimmune diseases in obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette’s/chronic tic disorders
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The association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's/chronic tic disorders (TD/CTD) with autoimmune diseases (ADs) is uncertain. In this nationwide study, we sought to clarify the patterns of comorbidity and familial clustering of a broad range of ADs in individuals with OCD, individuals with TD/CTD and their biological relatives. From a birth cohort of 7 465 455 individuals born in Sweden between 1940 and 2007, we identified 30 082 OCD and 7279 TD/CTD cases in the National Patient Register and followed them up to 31 December 2013. The risk of 40 ADs was evaluated in individuals with OCD, individuals with TD/CTD and their first- (siblings, mothers, fathers), second- (half siblings) and third-degree (cousins) relatives, compared with population controls. Individuals with OCD and TD/CTD had increased comorbidity with any AD (43% and 36%, respectively) and many individual ADs. The risk of any AD and several individual ADs was consistently higher among first-degree relatives than among second- and third-degree relatives of OCD and TD/CTD probands. The risk of ADs was very similar in mothers, fathers and siblings of OCD probands, whereas it tended to be higher in mothers and fathers of TD/CTD probands (compared with siblings). The results suggest a familial link between ADs in general (that is, not limited to Streptococcus-related conditions) and both OCD and TD/CTD. Additional mother-specific factors, such as the placental transmission of antibodies, cannot be fully ruled out, particularly in TD/CTD.
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Maternal factors have been shown to increase risk for multiple psychiatric phenotypes in offspring.
“Interestingly, maternal factors have been shown to increase risk for multiple psychiatric phenotypes in offspring [see, for example, (26–33)].”
From Maternal Effects as Causes of Risk for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Mataix-Cols, D., Frans, E., Pérez-Vigil, A., Kuja-Halkola, R., Gromark, C., Isomura, K., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Serlachius, E., Leckman, J. F., Crowley, J. J., Rück, C., Almqvist, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Region Stockholm (SE)
- Yale University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Örebro University (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2017-11-14
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1652-1658
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC5951741
- OpenAlex
- W2770065591
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Archive (Karolinska Institutet) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Syracuse University
- State University of New York
- Fundación Alicia Koplowitz
- Tourette Association of America
- Hjärnfonden
- Shire
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd
- National Institutes of Health
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH110427, R01MH105500, R21MH112963)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, chronic tic disorders, autoimmune disease, familial aggregation, comorbidities, genetic risk, first-degree relatives, placental transfer, birth cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Autoimmune Diseases, Child, Family, Female, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Pedigree, Risk Factors, Sweden, Tic Disorders, Comorbidity, Cluster Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Siblings
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