Autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and non-affective psychosis
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OBJECTIVE: Clinic-based studies of immune function, as well as comorbidity of autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, suggest a possible autoimmune etiology. Studies of non-affective psychosis and schizophrenia suggest common etiologies. The objective was to determine the degree to which 30 different autoimmune diseases are antecedent risk factors for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and non-affective psychosis. METHODS: A cohort of 3.57 million births in Denmark was linked to the Psychiatric Case Register and the National Hospital Register. There were 20,317 cases of schizophrenia, 39,076 cases of non-affective psychosis, and 9,920 cases of bipolar disorder. RESULTS: As in prior studies, there was a range of autoimmune diseases which predicted raised risk of schizophrenia in individuals who had a history of autoimmune diseases, and also raised risk in persons whose first-degree relatives had an onset of autoimmune disease prior to onset of schizophrenia in the case. These relationships also existed for the broader category of non-affective psychosis. Only pernicious anemia in the family was associated with raised risk for bipolar disorder (relative risk: 1.7), suggesting a small role for genetic linkage. A history of Guillain-Barré syndrome, Crohn's disease, and autoimmune hepatitis in the individual was associated with raised risk of bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The familial relationship of schizophrenia to a range of autoimmune diseases extends to non-affective psychosis, but not to bipolar disorder. The data suggest that autoimmune processes precede onset of schizophrenia, but also non-affective psychosis and bipolar disorder.
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A population-based, cross-sectional study from Taiwan demonstrated that patients with IBD were more likely to have bipolar disorder.
“A population-based, cross-sectional study from Taiwan demonstrated that patients with IBD were more likely to have bipolar disorder.”
From Association between Childhood Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as [109]
A national cohort study conducted in Denmark presented a higher risk of bipolar disorder only in patients with CD.
“a national cohort study conducted in Denmark presented a higher risk of bipolar disorder only in patients with CD [109,110].”
From Association between Childhood Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as [109]
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- Authors
- Eaton, W. W., Pedersen, M. G., Nielsen, P. R., & Mortensen, P. B.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Eaton, William W
- Venue
- Bipolar Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 638-646
- ISSN
- 1398-5647 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-5618
- PMC
- PMC2950824
- OpenAlex
- W2123441818
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 10.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Bipolar Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Stanley Medical Research Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 53188, R01MH053188)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- autoimmune disease, bipolar disorder, non-affective psychosis, schizophrenia, autoimmune etiology, pernicious anemia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Crohn's disease, autoimmune hepatitis, familial risk, genetic linkage, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autoimmune Diseases, Bipolar Disorder, Denmark, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotic Disorders, Registries, Cohort Studies, Young Adult
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