Xanthomonas AvrBs3 Family-Type III Effectors: Discovery and Function
Abstract
Xanthomonads are bacterial plant pathogens that cause diseases on many plant species, including important crops. Key to pathogenicity of most Xanthomonas pathovars is a Hrp-type III secretion (T3S) system that translocates effector proteins into plant cells. Within the eukaryotic cell, the effectors are thought to perform a variety of tasks to support bacterial virulence, proliferation, and dissemination. We are only beginning to understand the host targets of different effectors. The largest effector family found in Xanthomonas spp. is the AvrBs3/PthA or TAL (transcription activator-like) family. TAL effectors act as transcriptional activators in the plant cell nucleus. Specificity of TAL effectors is determined by a novel modular DNA-binding domain. Here, we describe the discovery of TAL effectors and their structure, activity, and host targets.
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DNA recognition specificity of TALEs is contributed by the highly variable amino acids at position 12 and 13, called repeat variable diresidues (RVDs).
“The DNA recognition specificity is contributed by the highly variable amino acids at position 12 and 13, so called repeat variable diresidues (RVDs) (for example, HD (His, Asp) targets cytosine (C), NI (Asn, Ile) targets adenine (A), NG (Asn, Gly) targets thymine (T), and NN (Asn, Asn) targets guanine (G) and adenine (A)).”
From Newer Gene Editing Technologies toward HIV Gene Therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Boch, J., & Bonas, U.
- Affiliations
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Phytopathology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 419-436
- ISSN
- 0066-4286 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2107
- OpenAlex
- W2130931930
- Cited by
- 978
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 5.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Phytopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Florida
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Xanthomonas, AvrBs3, TAL effectors, type III effector proteins, plant pathogenic bacteria, transcriptional activator, DNA-binding domain, bacterial virulence, plant disease
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Proteins, Host-Parasite Interactions, Plant Diseases, Xanthomonas, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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