Long-term forest degradation surpasses deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Open accessAbstract
Although deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon are well known, the extent of the area affected by forest degradation is a notable data gap, with implications for conservation biology, carbon cycle science, and international policy. We generated a long-term spatially quantified assessment of forest degradation for the entire Brazilian Amazon from 1992 to 2014. We measured and mapped the full range of activities that degrade forests and evaluated the relationship with deforestation. From 1992 to 2014, the total area of degraded forest was 337,427 square kilometers (km 2 ), compared with 308,311 km 2 that were deforested. Forest degradation is a separate and increasing form of forest disturbance, and the area affected is now greater than that due to deforestation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In many tropical forest regions, the area of degraded forests could equal or exceed the area of deforestation.
“Still, at least in many tropical forest regions, the area of degraded forests could well equal or even exceed the area of deforestation (15,16);”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Smaller areas with high transition potential were found scattered within deforestation frontiers, where most forests have been carved by roads.
“Smaller areas with high transition potential were found scattered within deforestation frontiers, where most forests have been carved by roads50,51.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
Cites
High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., Loveland, T. R., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1244693 · Cited by 11,704 · see citing works
The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N., Raven, P. H., Roberts, C. M., & Sexton, J. O. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246752 · Cited by 3,542 · see citing works
Tropical Deforestation and Habitat Fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite Data from 1978 to 1988
Skole, D., & Tucker, C. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.260.5116.1905 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
Self-citationOptical remotely sensed time series data for land cover classification: A review
Gómez, C., White, J. C., & Wulder, M. A. (2016) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.008 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
Cochrane, M. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01437 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas
Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11318 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems
Watson, J. E. M., Evans, T., Venter, O., Williams, B. A., TULLOCH, A. I. T., Stewart, C., Thompson, I. D., Ray, J. C., Murray, K. A., Salazar, Á., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0490-x · Cited by 1,210 · see citing works
Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon
Asner, G. P., Knapp, D., Broadbent, E. N., Oliveira, P. J. C., Keller, M., & Silva, J. N. M. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1118051 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Nobre, C. A., Sampaio, G., Borma, L. S., Castilla-Rubio, J. C., Silva, J. S., & Cardoso, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1605516113 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year investigation
Laurance, W. F., Camargo, J. L., Luizão, R. C. C., Laurance, S. G. W., Pimm, S. L., Bruna, E. M., Stouffer, P. C., Williamson, G. B., Benítez‐Malvido, J., Vasconcelos, H. L. D., et al. (2010) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss
Baccini, A., Walker, W., Carvalho, L., Farina, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., & Houghton, R. A. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam5962 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Positive Feedbacks in the Fire Dynamic of Closed Canopy Tropical Forests
Cochrane, M. A., Alencar, A. A. C., Schulze, M., Júnior, C. M. D. S., Nepstad, D. C., Lefebvre, P., & Davidson, E. A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1832 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon
Houghton, R. A., Skole, D. L., Nobre, C. A., Hackler, J. L., Lawrence, K. T., & Chomentowski, W. H. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35002062 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Self-citationThe end of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Nepstad, D., Soares-Filho, B. S., Merry, F., Lima, A., Moutinho, P., Carter, J., Bowman, M., Cattaneo, A., Rodrigues, H., Schwartzman, S., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1182108 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Broadbent, E. N., Asner, G. P., Keller, M., Knapp, D. E., Oliveira, P. J. C., & Silva, J. N. (2008) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.024 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Creation of forest edges has a global impact on forest vertebrates
Pfeifer, M., Lefebvre, V. A., Peres, C. A., Banks-Leite, C., Wearn, O. R., Marsh, C. J., Butchart, S. H. M., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., Barlow, J., Cerezo, A., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24457 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Edge Effects in Central Amazonian Forest Fragments
Malcolm, J. R. (1994) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1940897 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: Application of a model for the design of nature reserves
Laurance, W. F. (1991) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90139-z · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Condition and fate of logged forests in the Brazilian Amazon
Asner, G. P., Broadbent, E. N., Oliveira, P. J. C., Keller, M., Knapp, D., & Silva, J. N. M. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604093103 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest fragments
Ferraz, G., Russell, G. J., Stouffer, P. C., Bierregaard, R. O., Pimm, S. L., & Lovejoy, T. E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2336195100 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
High resolution analysis of tropical forest fragmentation and its impact on the global carbon cycle
Brinck, K., Fischer, R., Groeneveld, J., Lehmann, S., de Paula, M. D., Pütz, S., Sexton, J., Song, D., & Huth, A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14855 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Ten-Year Landsat Classification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon
Júnior, C. M. D. S., Siqueira, J. V., Sales, M., Fonseca, A. V., Ribeiro, J. N. D. A., Numata, I., Cochrane, M. A., Barber, C., Roberts, D. A., & Barlow, J. (2013) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs5115493 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Types and rates of forest disturbance in Brazilian Legal Amazon, 2000–2013
Tyukavina, A., Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Stehman, S. V., Smith-Rodriguez, K., Okpa, C., & Aguilar, R. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601047 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Understorey fire frequency and the fate of burned forests in southern Amazonia
Morton, D. C., Le Page, Y., DeFries, R., Collatz, G. J., & Hurtt, G. C. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0163 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Policy Options for the World's Primary Forests in Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Mackey, B., DellaSala, D. A., Kormos, C., Lindenmayer, D. B., Kümpel, N. F., Zimmerman, B. L., Hugh, S., Young, V., Foley, S., Arsenis, K., et al. (2014) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12120 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Assessment of tropical forest degradation by selective logging and fire using Landsat imagery
Matricardi, E. A. T., Skole, D. L., Pedlowski, M. A., Chomentowski, W. H., & Fernandes, L. C. (2010) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.001 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationLand use change emission scenarios: anticipating a forest transition process in the Brazilian Amazon
Aguiar, A. P., Vieira, I. C. G., Assis, T. O., Dalla-Nora, E. L., de Toledo, P. M., Santos, R. A. O., Batistella, M., Coelho, A. D. S., Savaget, E. K., Aragão, L. E. O. C., et al. (2015) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13134 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Aboveground biomass variability across intact and degraded forests in the Brazilian Amazon
Longo, M., Keller, M., dos-Santos, M. N., Leitold, V., Pinagé, E. R., Baccini, A., Saatchi, S. S., Nogueira, E. M., Batistella, M., & Morton, D. C. (2016) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2016gb005465 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Quantifying long-term changes in carbon stocks and forest structure from Amazon forest degradation
Rappaport, D. I., Morton, D. C., Longo, M., Keller, M., Dubayah, R., & dos-Santos, M. N. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac331 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Waldhoff, G., Lussem, U., & Bareth, G. (2017) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.04.009 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Development, environmental degradation, and disease spread in the Brazilian Amazon
Castro, M. C., Baeza, A., Codeço, C. T., Cucunubá, Z. M., Dal’Asta, A. P., Leo, G. A. D., Dobson, A. P., Carrasco‐Escobar, G., Lana, R. M., Lowe, R., et al. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000526 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Matricardi, E. A. T., Skole, D. L., Pedlowski, M. A., & Chomentowski, W. H. (2012) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431161.2012.717182 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationAnnual Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in the Amazon Basin between 2000 and 2010
Song, X., Huang, C., Saatchi, S. S., Hansen, M. C., & TOWNSHEND, J. R. G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126754 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Grecchi, R. C., Beuchle, R., Shimabukuro, Y. E., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Arai, E., Simonetti, D., & Achard, F. (2017) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.05.001 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Multi‐temporal assessment of selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon using Landsat data
Matricardi, E. A. T., Skole, D. L., Cochrane, M. A., Pedlowski, M. A., & Chomentowski, W. H. (2006) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431160600763014 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-year MODIS active fire type classification over the Brazilian Tropical Moist Forest Biome
Roy, D. P., & Kumar, S. S. (2016) · International Journal of Digital Earth · doi:10.1080/17538947.2016.1208686 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Matricardi, E. A. T., Skole, D. L., Cochrane, M. A., Qi, J., & Chomentowski, W. H. (2005) · Earth Interactions · doi:10.1175/ei142.1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationConservation: Forest Fragments, Facts, and Fallacies
Pimm, S. L., & Brooks, T. M. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.024 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bell, D. M., Cohen, W. B., Reilly, M. J., & Yang, Z. (2018) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2195 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Selective Logging Detection in the Brazilian Amazon
da Costa, O. B., Matricardi, E. A. T., Pedlowski, M. A., Miguel, É. P., & Gaspar, R. D. O. (2019) · Floresta e Ambiente · doi:10.1590/2179-8087.063417 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPattern to Process in the Amazon Region
Skole, D. L., Cochrane, M. A., Matricardi, E. A. T., Chomentowski, W. H., Pedlowski, M. A., & Kimble, D. C. (2007) · Remote sensing and digital image processing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2562-4_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSymposia at the Syracuse Meeting of the American Association
Roos, C. F. (1932) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.75.1949.480 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu (1991) · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Gregor, L., Hauck, J., Quéré, C. L., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A. S., Peters, G. P., et al. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022 · Cited by 1,970 · see citing works
Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M. W., O’Sullivan, M., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Quéré, C. L., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., et al. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022 · Cited by 1,752 · see citing works
The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation
Lapola, D. M., Pinho, P., Barlow, J., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Berenguer, E., Carmenta, R., Liddy, H. M., Seixas, H., Silva, C. V. J., Silva-Junior, C. H. L., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abp8622 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system
Flores, B. M., Montoya, E., Sakschewski, B., Nascimento, N., Staal, A., Betts, R. A., Levis, C., Lapola, D. M., Esquível-Muelbert, A., Jakovac, C., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06970-0 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Carbon loss from forest degradation exceeds that from deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Qin, Y., Xiao, X., Wigneron, J., Ciais, P., Brandt, M., Fan, L., Li, X., Crowell, S., Wu, X., Doughty, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01026-5 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Global forest fragmentation change from 2000 to 2020
Ma, J., Li, J., Wu, W., & Liu, J. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39221-x · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Human impacts outpace natural processes in the Amazon
Albert, J. S., Carnaval, A. C., Flantua, S. G. A., Lohmann, L. G., RIBAS, C. C., Riff, D., Carrillo, J. D., Fan, Y., Figueiredo, J., Guayasamin, J. M., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abo5003 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Actions to halt biodiversity loss generally benefit the climate
Shin, Y., Midgley, G. F., Archer, E. R. M., Arneth, A., Barnes, D. K. A., Chan, L., Hashimoto, S., Hoegh‐Guldberg, O., Insarov, G., Leadley, P., et al. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16109 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Deng, Z., Ciais, P., Tzompa‐Sosa, Z. A., Saunois, M., Qiu, C., Tan, C., Sun, T., Ke, P., Cui, Y., Tanaka, K., et al. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-14-1639-2022 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Accelerated forest fragmentation leads to critical increase in tropical forest edge area
Fischer, R., Taubert, F., Müller, M. S., Groeneveld, J., Lehmann, S., Wiegand, T., & Huth, A. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg7012 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Minx, J. C., Lamb, W. F., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Crippa, M., Döbbeling-Hildebrandt, N., Forster, P. M. D. F., Guizzardi, D., Olivier, J. G. J., Peters, G. P., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-5213-2021 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Climate and land management accelerate the Brazilian water cycle
Chagas, V. B. P., Chaffe, P. L. B., & Blöschl, G. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32580-x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Land Use Effects on Climate: Current State, Recent Progress, and Emerging Topics
Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Bultan, S., Obermeier, W. A., Havermann, F., & Guo, S. (2021) · Current Climate Change Reports · doi:10.1007/s40641-021-00178-y · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Monitoring temperate forest degradation on Google Earth Engine using Landsat time series analysis
Chen, S., Woodcock, C. E., Bullock, E. L., Arévalo, P., Torchinava, P., Peng, S., & Olofsson, P. (2021) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2021.112648 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Yang, H., Ciais, P., Frappart, F., Li, X., Brandt, M., Fensholt, R., Fan, L., Saatchi, S. S., Besnard, S., Deng, Z., et al. (2023) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01274-4 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Need and vision for global medium-resolution Landsat and Sentinel-2 data products
Radeloff, V. C., Roy, D. P., Wulder, M. A., Anderson, M. C., Cook, B. D., Crawford, C. J., Friedl, M. A., Feng Gao, A., Gorelick, N., Hansen, M. C., et al. (2023) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2023.113918 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective
Ellwanger, J. H., da Veiga, A. B. G., Kaminski, V. D. L., Valverde-Villegas, J. M., de Freitas, A. W. Q., & Chies, J. A. B. (2021) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0256 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Marengo, J. A., Jimenez, J. C., Espinoza, J.-C., Cunha, A. P., & Aragão, L. E. O. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04241-4 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Present‐day and future climate over central and South America according to CMIP5 / CMIP6 models
Ortega, G., Arias, P. A., Villegas, J. C., Marquet, P. A., & Nobre, P. (2021) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.7221 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Forest degradation drives widespread avian habitat and population declines
Betts, M. G., Yang, Z., Hadley, A. S., Smith, A. C., Rousseau, J. S., Northrup, J. M., Nocera, J. J., Gorelick, N., & Gerber, B. D. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01737-8 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
Carvalho, R. L., de Resende, A. F., Barlow, J., França, F. M., Moura, M. R., Maciel, R., Alves‐Martins, F., Shutt, J. D., Nunes, C. A., Elias, F., et al. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.077 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Tracking the impacts of El Niño drought and fire in human-modified Amazonian forests
Berenguer, É., Lennox, G. D., Ferreira, J., Malhi, Y. S., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Barreto, J. R., Espírito-Santo, F. D. B., Figueiredo, A. E. S., França, F. M., Gardner, T. A., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2019377118 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Tropical and Boreal Forest – Atmosphere Interactions: A Review
Artaxo, P. E., Hansson, H., Andreae, M. O., Bäck, J. K., Alves, E. G., Barbosa, H. M. J., Bender, F. A. ‐., Bourtsoukidis, E., Carbone, S., Chi, J., et al. (2022) · Tellus B · doi:10.16993/tellusb.34 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co‐benefit biodiversity?
Smith, P., Arneth, A., Barnes, D. K. A., Ichii, K., Marquet, P. A., Popp, A., Pörtner, H., Rogers, A. D., Scholes, R. J., Strassburg, B. B. N., et al. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16056 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Continuous monitoring of forest change dynamics with satellite time series
Decuyper, M., Chávez, R. O., Lohbeck, M., Lastra, J. A., Tsendbazar, N., Hackländer, J., Herold, M., & Vågen, T. (2021) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2021.112829 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Forests and sustainable development in the brazilian amazon: history, trends, and future prospects
Garrett, R. D., Cammelli, F., Ferreira, J., Levy, S. A., Valentim, J., & Vieira, I. (2021) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-010228 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Arneth, A., Olsson, L., Cowie, A., Erb, K.-H., Hurlbert, M., Kurz, W. A., Mirzabaev, A., & Rounsevell, M. D. A. (2021) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-054809 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Still, at least in many tropical forest regions, the area of degraded forests could well equal or even exceed the area of deforestation (15, 16); associated above-ground carbon losses have been estimated to increase estimates of gross deforestation losses by approximately 25% up to >600% (17), with additional, unknown…”
BackgroundMapping tropical forest degradation with deep learning and Planet NICFI data
Dalagnol, R., Wagner, F. H., Galvão, L. S., Braga, D., Osborn, F., Sagang, L. B., Bispo, P. D. C., Payne, M., Silva, C. H. L., Favrichon, S., et al. (2023) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2023.113798 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Tang, X., Xiao, J., Ma, M., Yang, H., Li, X., Ding, Z. J., Yu, P., Zhang, Y., Wu, C., Huang, J., et al. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.120000 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Linking land-use and land-cover transitions to their ecological impact in the Amazon
Nunes, C. A., Berenguer, É., França, F. M., Ferreira, J., Lees, A. C., Louzada, J., Sayer, E. J., Solar, R., Smith, C. C., Aragão, L. E. O. C., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2202310119 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A multi-data assessment of land use and land cover emissions from Brazil during 2000–2019
Rosan, T. M., Goldewijk, K. K., Ganzenmüller, R., O’Sullivan, M., Pongratz, J., Mercado, L. M., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Heinrich, V., von Randow, C., Wiltshire, A. J., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac08c3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Forest conservation in Indigenous territories and protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon
Qin, Y., Xiao, X., Liu, F., Silva, F. D. S. E., Shimabukuro, Y. E., Arai, E., & Fearnside, P. M. (2023) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01018-z · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Process-oriented analysis of dominant sources of uncertainty in the land carbon sink
O’Sullivan, M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S. A., Anthoni, P. M., Arneth, A., Arora, V. K., Bastrikov, V., Delire, C., Goll, D. S., Jain, A. K., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32416-8 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Amazon fires in the 21st century: The year of 2020 in evidence
Silveira, M. V. F., Silva, C. H. L., Anderson, L. O., & Aragão, L. E. O. C. (2022) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13577 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Human fingerprint on structural density of forests globally
Li, W., Guo, W., Pasgaard, M., Niu, Z., Wang, L., Chen, F., Qin, Y., & Svenning, J. (2023) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01020-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wang, L., Gong, J.-W., Ma, S., Wu, S., Zhang, X., & Jiang, J. (2022) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109058 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
A systematic comparison of deforestation drivers and policy effectiveness across the Amazon biome
Hänggli, A., Levy, S. A., Armenteras, D., Bovolo, C. I., Brandão, J., Rueda, X., & Garrett, R. D. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acd408 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Fire Occurrences and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Silva, C. A., Santilli, G., Sano, E. E., & Laneve, G. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13030376 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sustainability of Brazilian forest concessions
Sist, P. L. J., Piponiot, C., Kanashiro, M., Peña‐Claros, M., Putz, F. E., Schulze, M., Veríssimo, A., & Vidal, E. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119440 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Li, W., Ciais, P., He, J., Cescatti, A., Santoro, M., Tanaka, K., Cartus, O., Zhao, Z. S., Xu, Y., et al. (2023) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01137-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Old-growth forest loss and secondary forest recovery across Amazonian countries
Smith, C. C., Healey, J. R., Berenguer, E., Young, P. J., Taylor, B., Elias, F., Espírito-Santo, F., & Barlow, J. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1701 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Fire enhances forest degradation within forest edge zones in Africa
Zhao, Z. S., Li, W., Ciais, P., Santoro, M., Cartus, O., Peng, S., Yin, Y., Yue, C., Yang, H., Yu, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00763-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Yang, H., Ciais, P., Wigneron, J., Chave, J., Cartus, O., Chen, X., Fan, L., Green, J. K., Huang, Y., Joetzjer, É., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2101388119 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Borma, L. S., Costa, M. H., da Rocha, H. R., Arieira, J., Nascimento, N., Jaramillo-Giraldo, C., Ambrósio, G., Carneiro, R. G., Venzon, M., Fabrício-Neto, A., et al. (2022) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2021rg000766 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Wang, H., Wigneron, J., Ciais, P., Yao, Y., Fan, L., Liu, X., Li, X., Green, J. K., Tian, F., Tao, S., et al. (2022) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2022.113409 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kruid, S., Macedo, M. N., Gorelik, S. R., Walker, W., Moutinho, P. R. S., Brando, P. M., Castanho, A. D. D. A., Alencar, A. A. C., Baccini, A., & Coe, M. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.645282 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Amazonian forest degradation must be incorporated into the COP26 agenda
Silva, C. H. L., Carvalho, N. S., Pessôa, A. C. M., Reis, J., Lopes, A. P., Doblas, J., Heinrich, V., Campanharo, W. A., Alencar, A. A. C., da Silva, C., et al. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00823-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationGonzález-González, A., Villegas, J. C., Clerici, N., & Salazar, J. F. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107695 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fifteen essential science advances needed for effective restoration of the world's forest landscapes
Marshall, A. R., Waite, C. E., Pfeifer, M., Banin, L. F., Rakotonarivo, O. S., Chomba, S., Herbohn, J., Gilmour, D. A., Brown, M., & Chazdon, R. L. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0065 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Declining Amazon biomass due to deforestation and subsequent degradation losses exceeding gains
Fawcett, D., Sitch, S. A., Ciais, P., Wigneron, J., Silva, C. H. L., Heinrich, V., Vancutsem, C., Achard, F., Bastos, A., Yang, H., et al. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16513 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Anthropogenic disturbance exacerbates resilience loss in the Amazon rainforests
Wang, H., Ciais, P., Sitch, S. A., Green, J. K., Tao, S., Fu, Z., Albergel, C., Bastos, A., Wang, M., Fawcett, D., et al. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.17006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Climate and crown damage drive tree mortality in southern Amazonian edge forests
Reis, S. M., Marimon, B. S., Esquivel‐Muelbert, A., Marimon-Junior, B. H., Morandi, P. S., Elias, F., de Oliveira, E. A., Galbraith, D. R., Feldpausch, T. R., Menor, I. O., et al. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13849 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Boehm, S., Jeffery, M. L., Hecke, J., Schumer, C., Jaeger, J., Fyson, C. L., Levin, K., Nilsson, A. E., Naimoli, S., Daly, E., et al. (2023) · doi:10.46830/wrirpt.23.00010 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ma, S., Deng, G., Wang, L., Hu, H., Fang, X., & Jiang, J. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120695 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Brandão, D. O., Barata, L. E. S., & Nobre, C. A. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f13030466 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rogers, B. M., Mackey, B., Shestakova, T. A., Keith, H., Young, V., Kormos, C., DellaSala, D. A., Dean, J., Birdsey, R. A., Bush, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2022.929281 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Zhong, R., Wang, P., Mao, G., Chen, A., & Liu, J. (2021) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2021.103024 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, C., Obermeier, W. A., Bultan, S., Grassi, G., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Gasser, T., Houghton, R. A., Kurz, W. A., Sitch, S. A., et al. (2022) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.11.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Climate change and land use threaten global hotspots of phylogenetic endemism for trees
Guo, W., Serra-Diaz, J. M., Eiserhardt, W. L., Maitner, B., Merow, C., Violle, C., Pound, M. J., Sun, M., Slik, F. J. W., Blach‐Overgaard, A., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42671-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Risk of intact forest landscape loss goes beyond global agricultural supply chains
Kan, S., Chen, B., Persson, U. M., Chen, G., Wang, Y., Li, J., Meng, J., Zheng, H., Yang, L., Li, R. S., et al. (2023) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.12.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Csillik, O., Keller, M., Longo, M., Ferraz, A., Pinagé, E. R., Görgens, E. B., Ometto, J. P., Silgueiro, V. D. F., Brown, D., Duffy, P. A., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2310157121 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
de Carvalho, W. D., Mustin, K., Farneda, F. Z., de Castro, I. J., Hilário, R. R., Martins, A. C. M., Miguel, J. D., Xavier, B. D. S., & de Toledo, J. J. (2021) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-021-05009-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Athayde, S. F. D., Fonseca, A., de Araújo, S. M. V. G., Gallardo, A. L. C. F., Moretto, E. M., & Sánchez, L. E. (2022) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106742 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Brazil’s Highway BR-319 demonstrates a crucial lack of environmental governance in Amazonia
de Andrade, M. B. T., Ferrante, L., & Fearnside, P. M. (2021) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892921000084 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ten new insights in climate science 2021: a horizon scan
Martin, M. A., Alcaraz, O., Bastos, A., Bauer, N., Bertram, C., Blenckner, T., Bowen, K., Brando, P. M., Rudolph, T. B., Büchs, M., et al. (2021) · Global Sustainability · doi:10.1017/sus.2021.25 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Review of drivers of forest degradation and deforestation in Southeast Asia
Chen, S., Woodcock, C. E., Dong, L., Tarrio, K., Mohammadi, D., & Olofsson, P. (2023) · Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2023.101129 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Synthesis of the land carbon fluxes of the Amazon region between 2010 and 2020
Rosan, T. M., Sitch, S. A., O’Sullivan, M., Basso, L. S., Wilson, C., Silva, C., Gloor, E., Fawcett, D., Heinrich, V., Souza, J. G., et al. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01205-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Repeat GEDI footprints measure the effects of tropical forest disturbances
Holcomb, A., Burns, P., Keshav, S., & Coomes, D. A. (2024) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2024.114174 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Large gaps in voluntary sustainability commitments covering the global cocoa trade
Parra-Paitan, C., zu Ermgassen, E. K. H. J., Meyfroidt, P., & Verburg, P. H. (2023) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102696 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Estoque, R. C., Johnson, B. A., Gao, Y., Dasgupta, R., Ooba, M., Togawa, T., Hijioka, Y., Murayama, Y., Gavina, L. D., Lasco, R. D., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abe5d9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Fires Drive Long-Term Environmental Degradation in the Amazon Basin
da Silva, C. A., Lima, M., Teodoro, P. E., de Oliveira‐Júnior, J. F., Rossi, F. S., Funatsu, B. M., Butturi, W., Lourençoni, T., Kraeski, A., Pelissari, T. D., et al. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14020338 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Near-real time deforestation detection in the Brazilian Amazon with Sentinel-1 and neural networks
Silva, C. A., Guerrisi, G., Frate, F. D., & Sano, E. E. (2022) · European Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/22797254.2021.2025154 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pillay, R., Watson, J. E. M., Hansen, A. J., Jantz, P. A., Aragon-Osejo, J. L., Armenteras, D., Atkinson, S., Burns, P., Ervin, J., Goetz, S. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01915-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Escobar, S., Newell, F. L., Endara, M., Guevara, J. E., Landim, A. R., Neuschulz, E. L., Hausmann, R., Müller, J. C., Pedersen, K., Schleuning, M., et al. (2025) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.70157 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Multitemporal Analysis of Deforestation in Response to the Construction of the Tucuruí Dam
Velástegui-Montoya, A., de Lima, A. M. M., & Adami, M. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9100583 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mackey, B., Moomaw, W. R., Lindenmayer, D. B., & Keith, H. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac661b · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bastos, A., Ciais, P., Sitch, S. A., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Chevallier, F., Fawcett, D., Rosan, T. M., Saunois, M., Günther, D., Perugini, L., et al. (2022) · Carbon Balance and Management · doi:10.1186/s13021-022-00214-w · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reygadas, Y., Spera, S. A., & Salisbury, D. S. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.109996 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Socioecological Predicament on Global Steeply Sloped Cropland
Wang, L., Xu, B., Zhao, J., Li, C., Zeng, Y., Niu, Y., Yu, S., Wang, Z., & Shi, Z. (2023) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2022ef003165 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Road fragment edges enhance wildfire incidence and intensity, while suppressing global burned area
Bowring, S., Li, W., Mouillot, F., Rosan, T. M., & Ciais, P. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53460-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Trends in Mercury Contamination Distribution among Human and Animal Populations in the Amazon Region
Martoredjo, I., Santos, L. B. C., Vilhena, J. C. E., Rodrigues, A. B. L., de Almeida, A., Passos, C. J. S., & Florentino, A. C. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12030204 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The key role of forest disturbance in reconciling estimates of the northern carbon sink
O’Sullivan, M., Sitch, S. A., Friedlingstein, P., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, W., Rosan, T. M., Arneth, A., Arora, V. K., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., et al. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01827-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cano, I. M., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., John, J. G., Yu, Y., Smith, B., & Pacala, S. W. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2203200119 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Crop prices and deforestation in the tropics
Berman, N., Couttenier, M., Leblois, A., & Soubeyran, R. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102819 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Skole, D. L., Samek, J. H., Mbow, C., Chirwa, M., Ndalowa, D., Tumeo, T., Kachamba, D., Kamoto, J., Chioza, A., & Kamangadazi, F. (2021) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f12040426 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationTipping Points of Amazonian Forests: Beyond Myths and Toward Solutions
Brando, P. M., Barlow, J., Macedo, M. N., Silvério, D. V., Ferreira, J., Maracahipes, L., Anderson, L. O., Morton, D. C., Alencar, A. A. C., Paolucci, L. N., et al. (2025) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-111522-112804 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cai, Y., Shi, Q., Xu, X., & Liu, X. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2023.103226 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Intensification of fire regimes and forest loss in the Território Indígena do Xingu
Silvério, D. V., Oliveira, R. S., Flores, B. M., Brando, P. M., Almada, H. K., Furtado, M. T., Moreira, F. G., Heckenberger, M., Ono, K. Y., & Macedo, M. N. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac5713 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Quantifying timber illegality risk in the Brazilian forest frontier
França, C. S. S., Persson, U. M., Carvalho, T., & Lentini, M. W. (2023) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01189-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Landsat-observed changes in forest cover and attribution analysis over Northern China from 1996‒2020
Liu, X., Liang, S., Ma, H., Li, B. J., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., He, T., Zhang, G., Xu, J., Xiong, C., et al. (2024) · GIScience & Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/15481603.2023.2300214 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Earth's record-high greenness and its attributions in 2020
Zhang, Y., Mao, J., Sun, G., Guo, Q., Atkins, J., Li, W., Jin, M., Conghe Song, A., Xiao, J., Hwang, T., et al. (2024) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2024.114494 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Drivers and ecological impacts of deforestation and forest degradation in the Amazon
Berenguer, É., Armenteras, D., Lees, A. C., Fearnside, P. M., Alencar, A. A. C., Almeida, C. A., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Barlow, J., Bilbao, B., Brando, P. M., et al. (2024) · Acta Amazonica · doi:10.1590/1809-4392202203420 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Roads in the Southwestern Amazon, State of Acre, between 2007 and 2019
Nascimento, E. D. S., da Silva, S. S., Bordignon, L., de Melo, A. F. D., Brandão, A., Souza, C., & Silva, C. (2021) · Land · doi:10.3390/land10020106 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Filho, W. L., Dinis, M. A. P., Canova, M. A., Cataldi, M., da Costa, G. A. S., Enrich-Prast, A., Symeonakis, E., & Brearley, F. Q. (2025) · Geoscience Letters · doi:10.1186/s40562-025-00391-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lin, S., Li, X., Yang, B., Ma, Y., Jiang, C., Xue, L., Wang, J., & Yan, Z. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01450 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gomes, M. F., Vasconcelos, S. S., Junior, A. B. V., Costa, A. N. M., de Barros, P. C., Kato, O. R., & Castellani, D. C. (2021) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.4038 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of settlement designs on deforestation and fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon
Alves, M. T. R., Piontekowski, V. J., Buscardo, E., Pedlowski, M. A., Sano, E. E., & Matricardi, E. A. T. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105710 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationEast, A., Hansen, A. J., Armenteras, D., Jantz, P. A., & Roberts, D. W. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15030696 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Reliably mapping low-intensity forest disturbance using satellite radar data
Aquino, C., Mitchard, E. T. A., McNicol, I. M., Carstairs, H., Burt, A., Vilca, B. L. P., Ebanéga, M. O., Dikongo, A. M., Dassi, C., Mayta, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2022.1018762 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ten new insights in climate science 2020 – a horizon scan
Pihl, E., Alfredsson, E. C., Bengtsson, M., Bowen, K., Broto, V. C., Chou, K.-T., Cleugh, H., Ebi, K. L., Edwards, C. M., Fisher, E., et al. (2021) · Global Sustainability · doi:10.1017/sus.2021.2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Matricardi, E. A. T., Skole, D. L., Costa, O. B., Pedlowski, M. A., Samek, J. H., & Miguel, E. P.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de Brasília (BR)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Laboratório de Estudos do Espaço Antrópico (LEEA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013, Brazil.
- Department of Forestry, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília 70.900-910, Brazil.
- Corresponding author
- Matricardi, Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli
- Skole, David Lewis
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2020-09-11
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 6509
- Pages
- 1378-1382
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W3085288603
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 21.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX14AD93G)
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (Finance Code 001)
- National Council of Science and Technology of Brazil (Productivity Grant)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- forest degradation, deforestation, Brazilian Amazon, forest disturbance, long-term forest dynamics, tropical forests
- MeSH terms
- Brazil, Conservation of Natural Resources, Biodiversity, Forests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review