The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations
Open accessAbstract
Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation: As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of hunting trends and impacts across the tropics (see the Perspective by Brashares and Gaynor). Bird and mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where hunting occurred. Although commercial hunting and proximity to roads and urban centers were the most damaging factors, all hunting had worrying impacts, even in protected areas. Protection and alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence hunting must be implemented soon if we are to prevent further, rapid defaunation. Science , this issue p. 180 ; see also p. 136
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Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield
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Global patterns of current and future road infrastructure
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Self-citationGlobal forest loss disproportionately erodes biodiversity in intact landscapes
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Global wildlife trade across the tree of life
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Schipper, A. M., Hilbers, J. P., Meijer, J. R., Antão, L. H., Benítez‐López, A., de Jonge, M. M. J., Leemans, L. H., Scheper, E., Alkemade, R., Doelman, J., et al. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14848 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationIntact but empty forests? Patterns of hunting-induced mammal defaunation in the tropics
Benítez‐López, A., Santini, L., Schipper, A. M., Busana, M., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000247 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“We expanded upon the data set in Benı́tez-López and colleagues [3] that included studies that assessed the impact of hunting on wildlife abundance.”
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Assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: is below 2 °C enough?
Nunez, S., Arets, E. J. M. M., Alkemade, R., Verwer, C. C., & Leemans, R. (2019) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02420-x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“For the meta-analyses and the meta-regression analyses ratios are often transformed using logit or log transformations to reach normality assumption for the effect sizes (Urban 2015; Benítez-López et al. 2017).”
MethodSelf-citationImpacts of wildlife trade on terrestrial biodiversity
Morton, O., Scheffers, B. R., Haugaasen, T., & Edwards, D. P. (2021) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01399-y · Cited by 242 · see citing works
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Response of Plants to Water Stress: A Meta-Analysis
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Global patterns of intraspecific leaf trait responses to elevation
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The island rule explains consistent patterns of body size evolution in terrestrial vertebrates
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“For many globally threatened mammals, PAs and indigenous lands remain critical for ensuring long-term protection (31, 179).”
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Conservation of Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene
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Long-term collapse in fruit availability threatens Central African forest megafauna
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Herbivory limits success of vegetation restoration globally
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Global Demand for Natural Resources Eliminated More Than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans
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“The pervasive decline of orangutans in more intact habitat is consistent with various studies identifying hunting as the main driver of biodiversity loss in the tropics [44,45], including Southeast Asia [2].”
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“…inferred the potential severity of defaunation (overexploitation of large mammals due to hunting and poaching; Dirzo et al., 2014), from a combination of spatial proxies that have been shown to relate to recent declines in large mammal abundance (Benítez-López et al., 2017; Supporting Information).”
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“Similar synthetic datasets comparing more and less impacted sites to infer biodiversity change in the face of a given driver have been compiled, including alien species [21], habitat loss [22], nitrogen deposition [23], climate change [24], hunting [25] and grazing [26] in terrestrial systems, as well as other anthrop…”
BackgroundMaking Messy Data Work for Conservation
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“For example, the hunting of medium and large mammals in the tropics caused an increase in small mammal populations due to less food competition and predation [99].”
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C:N:P stoichiometry of plants, soils, and microorganisms: Response to altered precipitation
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Characterising trafficking and trade of pangolins in the Gulf of Guinea
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“Hunting is a major cause of species loss across the tropics (Maxwell et al. 2016; Symes et al. 2018); declines in bird and mammal populations in hunted forests are substantial (Benitez-Lopez et al. 2017).”
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Logged tropical forests have amplified and diverse ecosystem energetics
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“Vertebrate populations across the tropics are particularly sensitive to hunting pressure 21 .”
Nitrogen deposition increases global grassland N2O emission rates steeply: A meta-analysis
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Identifying conservation priorities in a defaunated tropical biodiversity hotspot
Tilker, A., Abrams, J. F., Nguyen, A., Hörig, L., Axtner, J., Louvrier, J. L. P., Rawson, B. M., Nguyen, H. A. Q., Guegan, F., Nguyen, T. V., et al. (2020) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13029 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Yan, L., Li, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Wu, H., Yan, Z., Zhang, K., & Kang, X. (2020) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.3606 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Socioecological vulnerability and the risk of zoonotic disease emergence in Brazil
Winck, G. R., Raimundo, R. L. G., Fernandes‐Ferreira, H., Bueno, M. G., D’Andrea, P. S., Rocha, F. L., Cruz, G. L. T., Vilar, E. M., Brandão, M. L., Cordeiro, J. L. P., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo5774 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Li, C., Cai, G., Sauheitl, L., Xiao, M., Shibistova, O. B., Ge, T., & Guggenberger, G. (2023) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116580 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Market access and wild meat consumption in the central Amazon, Brazil
Chaves, W. A., Wilkie, D. S., Monroe, M. C., & Sieving, K. E. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.06.013 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Hunting of wildlife for food already is, or will soon be, unsustainable throughout the tropical regions of the world (Benítez-López et al., 2017; Fa et al., 2006; Milner-Gulland et al., 2003).”
BackgroundToward a sustainable, participatory and inclusive wild meat sector
Coad, L., Fa, J. E., Abernethy, K. A., Van Vliet, N., Santamaria, C., Wilkie, D. S., Bizri, H. R. E., Ingram, D. J., Cawthorn, D., & Nasi, R. (2019) · Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) eBooks · doi:10.17528/cifor/007046 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“A recent metaanalysis of 176 studies showed that the relative abundance of tropical mammals and birds is estimated to be 83% and 58% lower respectively in hunted areas compared with areas with no hunting (Benítez-López et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYing, H., Yin, Y., Zheng, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Xue, Y., Stefanovski, D., Cui, Z., & Dou, Z. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14798 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effectiveness of protected areas influenced by socio-economic context
Gatiso, T. T., Kulik, L., Bachmann, M., Bonn, A., Bösch, L., Eirdosh, D., Freytag, A., Hanisch, S., Heurich, M., Sop, T., et al. (2022) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00932-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ecological rice-cropping systems mitigate global warming – A meta-analysis
Sun, G., Sun, M., Du, L., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, G., Nie, S., Xu, H., & Wang, H. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147900 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zakari, S., Jiang, X., Zhu, X., Liu, W., Allakonon, M. G. B., Singh, A. K., Chen, C., Zou, X., Akponikpè, P. B. I., Dossa, G. G. O., et al. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117820 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A systematic review of soil erosion in citrus orchards worldwide
Niu, Y. H., Wang, L., Wan, X. G., Peng, Q., Huang, Q., & Shi, Z. (2021) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2021.105558 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Global Climate Change Increases Terrestrial Soil CH4 Emissions
Guo, J., Feng, H., Peng, C. H., Chen, H., Xu, X., Ma, X., Li, L., Kneeshaw, D., Ruan, H., Yang, H., et al. (2023) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2021gb007255 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Impact of atrazine on soil microbial properties: A meta-analysis
Hu, Y., Jiang, Z., Hou, A., Wang, X., Zhou, Z., Qin, B., Cao, B., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121337 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Wu, W. H., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Xu, H., Zörb, C., Geilfus, C., Xue, C., Sun, Z., & Ma, W. (2022) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108665 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Halabowski, D., & Rzymski, P. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143723 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…characteristic of this continent, such as African elephants Loxodonta africana Blumenbach, lion Panthera leo L., dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas L., crested porcupine Hystrix cristata L. and armadillo Dasypus sp. and other well-known land and sea animals (Bergin and Nijman, 2014;Warchol, 2004).”
Sánchez, A. C., Jones, S. K., Purvis, A., Estrada-Carmona, N., & De Palma, A. (2022) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2022.107933 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Challender, D. W. S., Cremona, P. J., Malsch, K., Robinson, J. E., Pavitt, A. T., Scott, J., Hoffmann, R., Joolia, A., Oldfield, T. E. E., Jenkins, R. K. B., et al. (2023) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02115-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
FSC-certified forest management benefits large mammals compared to non-FSC
Zwerts, J. A., Sterck, E. H. M., Verweij, P. A., Maisels, F. G., van der Waarde, J., Geelen, E. A. M., Tchoumba, B., Zebaze, H. F. D., & van Kuijk, M. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07257-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“2, 3 and 4) were important using a model-selection approach based on minimization of Bayesian information criterion values (Supplementary Table 4).”
Self-citationTerrestrial mammal responses to oil palm dominated landscapes in Colombia
Pardo, L. E., Campbell, M. J., Edwards, W., Clements, G. R., & Laurance, W. F. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197539 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
van Vliet, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00112 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“On one hand, over the past decades, with the alarming scientific evidences of wildlife declines (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ripple et al., 2016; Benítez-López et al., 2017; vanVelden et al., 2018), the protectionist orientation has gainedmore strength (Cooney et al.”
BackgroundEnvironmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide
Hirt, M. R., Barnes, A. D., Gentile, A., Pollock, L. J., Rosenbaum, B., Thuiller, W., Tucker, M. A., & Brose, U. (2021) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13872 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Mapping connectivity and conflict risk to identify safe corridors for the Persian leopard
Ghoddousi, A., Bleyhl, B., Sichau, C., Ashayeri, D., Moghadas, P., Sepahvand, P., Hamidi, A. K., Soofi, M., & Kuemmerle, T. (2020) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-020-01062-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“This reflects the importance of habitat loss from land-use change as a threat to the existence of ungulate species, especially when it coincides with poaching (Benitez-Lopez et al. 2017; Romero-Muñoz et al. 2019), which ultimately impacts large carnivores.”
BackgroundIngram, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Ethnobiology · doi:10.2993/0278-0771-40.2.117 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Increasing human population densities (Benítez-López et al. 2017; Ziegler et al. 2016), coupled with increasing access to once isolated (i.e., former source) populations of wildlife (e.g., via logging roads or other developments; Poulsen et al. 2009), and/or increasing commercial hunting to supply…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMeng, F., Zhang, Y., Kang, J., Heal, M. R., Reis, S., Wang, M., Liu, L., Wang, K., Yu, S., Li, P., et al. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-6291-2022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Duan, Z., Chen, C., Ni, C., Xiong, J., Wang, Z., Cai, J., & Tan, W. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130939 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Climate change, grazing, and collecting accelerate habitat contraction in an endangered primate
Zhao, X., Ren, B., Li, D., Garber, P. A., Zhu, P., Xiang, Z., Grueter, C. C., Liu, Z., & Li, M. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“We adopted the variable distance to settlements and distance to roads, as proxies for hunting pressures (Benítez-López et al., 2017).”
MethodEcological marginalization is widespread and increases extinction risk in mammals
Britnell, J. A., Zhu, Y., Kerley, G. I. H., & Shultz, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2205315120 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Small range size is associated with ecological marginalization as land-use change within their core “primary” habitat can leave low density, capped populations in the remaining marginal habitats (43, 44).”
BackgroundConservation status of the world’s carnivorous mammals (order Carnivora)
Fernández-Sepúlveda, J., & Martín, C. A. (2022) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00305-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
““Hunting and trapping”, within “Biological resource use” category, is the main threat to carnivores (Table 3) and a major driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (Benítez-López et al. 2017).”
BackgroundUnravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting
Jiguet, F., Robert, A., Lorrillière, R., Hobson, K. A., Kardynal, K. J., Arlettaz, R., Bairlein, F., Belik, V. P., Bernardy, P., Copete, J. L., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau2642 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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“Logging, edges, and fragmentation increase access for hunters 32 , culminating in a bleak set of synergistic threats to the region ’ s vertebrates 33 .”
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The One Health approach for allergic diseases and asthma
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The rise of hyperabundant native generalists threatens both humans and nature
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Defaunation of large-bodied frugivores reduces carbon storage in a tropical forest of Southeast Asia
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Deforestation and bird habitat loss in Colombia
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A global meta-analysis of fruit tree yield and water use efficiency under deficit irrigation
Tong, X., Wu, P., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Zhou, W., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107321 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Allakonon, M. G. B., Zakari, S., Tovihoudji, P. G., Fatondji, A. S., & Akponikpè, P. B. I. (2022) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107746 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R., Schipper, A. M., Ingram, D. J., Verweij, P. A., Eikelboom, J. A. J., & Huijbregts, M. A. J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (NL)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2017-04-14
- Volume
- 356
- Issue
- 6334
- Pages
- 180-183
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2605583228
- Semantic Scholar
- 47a3f1d848466466f1761bd70a29fd3871091b5e
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 35.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Sussex
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Keywords
- hunting, defaunation, tropical mammals, tropical birds, population decline (ecology), wild meat trade, hunting pressure, protected areas, commercial hunting, biodiversity loss, human accessibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Human Activities, Mammals, Population Density, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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