CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 660Quantum Mechanics and ApplicationsQuantum Information and CryptographySemiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption

Open access
Giustina, Marissa, Mech, Alexandra, Ramelow, Sven, Wittmann, Bernhard, Kofler, Johannes, Beyer, Jörn, Lita, Adriana, Calkins, Brice, Gerrits, Thomas, Nam, Sae Woo, Ursin, Rupert, Zeilinger, Anton·2013·Nature
DOI 10.1038/nature12012
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint--namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble. To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell's inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fair-sampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms. Technical improvements of the photon source and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nature12012

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Alicki, R. Remarks on the violation of Bell’s inequality in Josephson phase qubits. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/0911.4009 (2009) · arXiv

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 657

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Giustina, M., Mech, A., Ramelow, S., Wittmann, B., Kofler, J., Beyer, J., Lita, A., Calkins, B., Gerrits, T., Nam, S. W., Ursin, R., & Zeilinger, A.
Affiliations
  • Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
  • University of Vienna (AT)
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (DE)
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
Corresponding author
  • Giustina, Marissa
  • Zeilinger, Anton
ORCID
Venue
Nature
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-04-14
Volume
497
Issue
7448
Pages
227-230
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/nature12012
OpenAlex
W2009502003
Cited by
660
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 109 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 35
FWCI
50.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
  • Nature Cell Biology
Funders
  • John Templeton Foundation
  • Austrian Science Fund
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (227844)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Keywords
Bell inequality violation, entangled photons, local realism, transition edge sensors, photon pair sources, collection efficiency, quantum foundations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review