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The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption

Open access
Giustina, Marissa, Mech, Alexandra, Ramelow, Sven, Wittmann, Bernhard, Kofler, Johannes, Beyer, Jörn, Lita, Adriana, Calkins, Brice, Gerrits, Thomas, Nam, Sae Woo, Ursin, Rupert, Zeilinger, Anton·2013·Nature
DOI 10.1038/nature12012
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Abstract

The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces the abandonment of a local realistic viewpoint--namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined before and independently of measurement, and in which no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. All such experimental violations require additional assumptions depending on their specific construction, making them vulnerable to so-called loopholes. Here we use entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality while closing the fair-sampling loophole, that is, without assuming that the sample of measured photons accurately represents the entire ensemble. To do this, we use the Eberhard form of Bell's inequality, which is not vulnerable to the fair-sampling assumption and which allows a lower collection efficiency than other forms. Technical improvements of the photon source and high-efficiency transition-edge sensors were crucial for achieving a sufficiently high collection efficiency. Our experiment makes the photon the first physical system for which each of the main loopholes has been closed, albeit in different experiments.

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  1. Alicki, R. Remarks on the violation of Bell’s inequality in Josephson phase qubits. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/0911.4009 (2009) · arXiv

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Metadata

Authors
Giustina, M., Mech, A., Ramelow, S., Wittmann, B., Kofler, J., Beyer, J., Lita, A., Calkins, B., Gerrits, T., Nam, S. W., Ursin, R., & Zeilinger, A.
Affiliations
  • Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
  • University of Vienna (AT)
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (DE)
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
Corresponding author
  • Giustina, Marissa
  • Zeilinger, Anton
ORCID
Venue
Nature
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-04-14
Volume
497
Issue
7448
Pages
227-230
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/nature12012
OpenAlex
W2009502003
Cited by
660
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 109 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 35
FWCI
50.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
  • Nature Cell Biology
Funders
  • John Templeton Foundation
  • Austrian Science Fund
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (227844)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
Keywords
Bell inequality violation, entangled photons, local realism, transition edge sensors, photon pair sources, collection efficiency, quantum foundations

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