Experimental violation of a Bell's inequality with efficient detection
Abstract
Local realism is the idea that objects have definite properties whether or not they are measured, and that measurements of these properties are not affected by events taking place sufficiently far away. Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen used these reasonable assumptions to conclude that quantum mechanics is incomplete. Starting in 1965, Bell and others constructed mathematical inequalities whereby experimental tests could distinguish between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories. Many experiments have since been done that are consistent with quantum mechanics and inconsistent with local realism. But these conclusions remain the subject of considerable interest and debate, and experiments are still being refined to overcome 'loopholes' that might allow a local realistic interpretation. Here we have measured correlations in the classical properties of massive entangled particles (9Be+ ions): these correlations violate a form of Bell's inequality. Our measured value of the appropriate Bell's 'signal' is 2.25 +/- 0.03, whereas a value of 2 is the maximum allowed by local realistic theories of nature. In contrast to previous measurements with massive particles, this violation of Bell's inequality was obtained by use of a complete set of measurements. Moreover, the high detection efficiency of our apparatus eliminates the so-called 'detection' loophole.
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The detection loophole was first closed in an ion-trap experiment by Rowe et al. (2001) utilizing the nearly perfect detection efficiency of fluorescence detection of single ions.
“It was first closed in an ion-trap experiment by Rowe et al. (2001) utilizing the nearly perfect detection efficiency of fluorescence detection of single ions.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Rowe et al. (2001)
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- Authors
- Rowe, M. A., Kielpinski, D., Meyer, V., Sackett, C. A., Itano, W. M., Monroe, C., & Wineland, D. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rowe, M. A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2001-02-15
- Volume
- 409
- Issue
- 6822
- Pages
- 791-794
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1986718451
- Cited by
- 1,043
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 29.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Nature
- Funders
- National Security Agency
- Agricultural Research Development Agency
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Office of Naval Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Mechanical and Optical Resonators
- Keywords
- Bell inequality violation, local realism, ion trap, detection loophole, quantum nonlocality
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