Genome-wide mapping of autonomous promoter activity in human cells
Open accessAbstract
Previous methods to systematically characterize sequence-intrinsic activity of promoters have been limited by relatively low throughput and the length of the sequences that could be tested. Here we present 'survey of regulatory elements' (SuRE), a method that assays more than 10 8 DNA fragments, each 0.2-2 kb in size, for their ability to drive transcription autonomously. In SuRE, a plasmid library of random genomic fragments upstream of a 20-bp barcode is constructed, and decoded by paired-end sequencing. This library is used to transfect cells, and barcodes in transcribed RNA are quantified by high-throughput sequencing. When applied to the human genome, we achieve 55-fold genome coverage, allowing us to map autonomous promoter activity genome-wide in K562 cells. By computational modeling we delineate subregions within promoters that are relevant for their activity. We show that antisense promoter transcription is generally dependent on the sense core promoter sequences, and that most enhancers and several families of repetitive elements act as autonomous transcription initiation sites.
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Genome-wide 'shotgun MPRAs' avoid a priori assumptions about which sequences to test.
“In contrast with MPRAs relying on re-synthesis of candidate sequences, genome-wide ‘shotgun MPRAs’108,174,183,188 nicely avoid a priori assumptions about which sequences to test.”
From Towards a comprehensive catalogue of validated and target-linked human enhancers (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
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Determinants of promoter and enhancer transcription directionality in metazoans
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G-quadruplexes are promoter elements controlling nucleosome exclusion and RNA polymerase II pausing
Esnault, C., Aabidine, A. Z. E., Robert, M.-C., Cucchiarini, A., Magat, T., Pigeot, A., Bouchouika, S., García-Oliver, E., Gawron, K., Basyuk, E., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02263-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Corresponding signals for pG4, G4access, G4 ChIP, GC and CpG contents, Pol II, nucleosomes (MNase-seq), chromatin marks and SURE promoter activity are shown as indicated.”
InfluentialGrishin, D., & Gusev, A. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01075-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Restrictor synergizes with Symplekin and PNUTS to terminate extragenic transcriptionPreprint
Russo, M., Piccolo, V., Polizzese, D., Prosperini, E., Borriero, C., Polletti, S., Bedin, F., Marenda, M., Michieletto, D., Mandana, G. M., et al. (2023) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.351057.123 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“U3 contains transcription factor binding sites and has strong promoter activity (van Arensbergen et al. 2017), with transcription initiating at the beginning of the R region.”
BackgroundDecoding biology with massively parallel reporter assays and machine learningPreprint
Fleur, A. L., Shi, Y., & Seelig, G. (2024) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.351800.124 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Functional characterization of human genomic variation linked to polygenic diseases
Fabo, T., & Khavari, P. A. (2023) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2023.02.014 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Antontseva, E. V., Degtyareva, A. O., Korbolina, E. E., Damarov, I. S., & Merkulova, T. I. (2023) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vjgb-23-77 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yokobayashi, S., Yabuta, Y., Nakagawa, M., Okita, K., Hu, B., Murase, Y., Nakamura, T., Bourque, G., Majewski, J., Yamamoto, T., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109909 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
CUT&Tag recovers up to half of ENCODE ChIP-seq histone acetylation peaks
Abbasova, L., Urbanaviciute, P., Hu, D., Ismail, J. N., Schilder, B. M., Nott, A., Skene, N., & Marzi, S. J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58137-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Benchmarking was also attempted with massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) data 48 , but the most signi fi cant regulatory assay quantitative trait loci (raQTLs) did not appear to be enriched in enhancer and promoter elements, and their coordinates could not be used as proxies for their genomic…”
Li, C., Lenhard, B., & Luscombe, N. M. (2018) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.231449.117 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Context transcription factors establish cooperative environments and mediate enhancer communication
Kribelbauer-Swietek, J. F., Pushkarev, O., Gardeux, V., Faltejsková, K., Russeil, J., van Mierlo, G., & Deplancke, B. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01892-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Functional impacts of non-coding RNA processing on enhancer activity and target gene expression
Ntini, E., & Marsico, A. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjz047 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Peng, B., Qin, S., Zhang, Q., Chen, Y., Chen, C., Bao, Y., Zhu, Y. S., Hong, Y., et al. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae912 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Large-scale analysis of the integration of enhancer-enhancer signals by promotersPreprint
Martinez-Ara, M., Comoglio, F., & van Steensel, B. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91994 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This assay allowed us to test tens of thousands of enhancer- enhancer-promoter (EEP) combinations in a uniform setting ( Inoue and Ahituv, 2015 ; van Arensbergen et al., 2017 ; Martinez-Ara et al., 2022 ).”
BackgroundMethodKlein, J. C., Agarwal, V., Inoue, F., Keith, A., Martin, B., Kircher, M., Ahituv, N., & Shendure, J. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/576405 · Cited by 19
A functional overlap between actively transcribed genes and chromatin boundary elementsPreprint
Harrold, C. L., Gosden, M. E., Hanssen, L. L. P., Stolper, R. J., Downes, D. J., Telenius, J. M., Biggs, D., Preece, C., Alghadban, S., Sharpe, J. A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182089 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Estrogen Receptor on the move: Cistromic plasticity and its implications in breast cancer.
Mayayo-Peralta, I., Preković, S., & Zwart, W. (2020) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2020.100939 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Designing Cell-Type-Specific Promoter Sequences Using Conservative Model-Based OptimizationPreprint
Reddy, A. J., Geng, X.-Y., Herschl, M. H., Kolli, S., Kumar, A., Hsu, P. D., Levine, S., & Ioannidis, N. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.23.600232 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Following Reddy et al. (2024), we pretrain our models using data from Sharpr-MPRA (Ernst et al., 2016) and SuRE MPRA (van Arensbergen et al., 2017; 2019 2019) that builds a regression task with 12 outputs (2 replicates for expression measured in 2 settings in 2 cell lines, and 4 outputs that…”
MethodUncovering the whole genome silencers of human cells via Ss-STARR-seq
Zhu, X., Huang, L., Wang, C., Li, G., Deng, B., Kong, D., Wang, X., Chang, R., Gu, Y., Wen, Q., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-55852-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gene regulation by convergent promoters
Wiechens, E., Vigliotti, F., Siniuk, K., Schwarz, R. J., Schwab, K., Riege, K., van Bömmel, A., Görlich, I., Bens, M., Sahm, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-02025-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Over the past decade, active enhancers and promoters have been shown to initiate divergent, bidirectional RNA transcription 4–6 .”
Li, Y., Tan, M.-K., Akkari-Henić, A., Zhang, L., Kip, M., Sun, S.-N., Sepers, J. J., Xu, N., Ariyurek, Y., Kloet, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-024-01204-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Shao, Y.-H., Chaffin, T. A., Lee, J. H., Poindexter, M. R., Ahkami, A. H., Blumwald, E., & Stewart, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1011939 · Cited by 14
Morgan, R., Ma, F.-Y., Unti, M. J., Brown, D., Ayoub, P., Tam, C., Lathrop, L. E., Aleshe, B., Kurita, R., Nakamura, Y., et al. (2020) · Molecular Therapy: Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2020.04.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Regulatory grammar in human promoters uncovered by MPRA-based deep learning
Barbadilla-Martínez, L., Klaassen, N. H. M., Franceschini-Santos, V. H., Breda, J., Yücel, H., Hernández-Quiles, M., van Lieshout, T., Urzúa-Traslaviña, C. G., Boi, M. C. L., Akbarzadeh, M., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10093-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This result is in close accordance with previous estimates based on linear regression of promoter MPRA data 46,47 .”
Short tandem repeats are important contributors to silencer elements in T cells
Hussain, S., Sadouni, N., van Essen, D., Dao, L. T. M., Ferré, Q., Charbonnier, G., Torres, M., Gallardo, F., Lecellier, C., Sexton, T., et al. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad187 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A breakthrough in the analysis of distal cis-regulatory elements was provided by the development of high-throughput reporter assays to assess promoters (85,86), enhancers (28) or insulator activities (87).”
BackgroundStrategies for activity analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human diseases
Ren, N., Dai, S., Ma, S., & Yang, F. (2022) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/cge.14282 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“62,63 The first advantage of MPRAs is the high-throughput characteristic based on tags, which can evaluate hundreds to thousands of DNA fragments in a single experiment.”
BackgroundCore promoters across the genome
Cvetesic, N., & Lenhard, B. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3788 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
CREaTor: zero-shot cis-regulatory pattern modeling with attention mechanisms
Li, Y., Ju, F., Chen, Z., Qu, Y., Xia, H., He, L., Wu, L., Zhu, J., Shao, B., & Deng, P. (2023) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03103-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Strategies for effectively modelling promoter-driven gene expression using transfer learningPreprint
Reddy, A. J., Herschl, M. H., Geng, X., Kolli, S., Lu, A. X., Kumar, A., Hsu, P. D., Levine, S., & Ioannidis, N. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529941 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Leemans, C., van der Zwalm, M. C. H., Brueckner, L., Comoglio, F., van Schaik, T., Pagie, L., van Arensbergen, J., & van Steensel, B. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/464081 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationMoore, J. E., Zhang, X.-O., Elhajjajy, S. I., Fan, K., Pratt, H., Reese, F., Mortazavi, A., & Weng, Z. (2021) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.275723.121 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Large-scale analysis of Drosophila core promoter function using synthetic promotersPreprint
Qi, Z., Jung, C., Bandilla, P., Ludwig, C., Heron, M., Kiesel, A., Philippou-Massier, J., Nikolov, M., Renna, A., Schnepf, M., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.339325 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schofield, J. A., & Hahn, S. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112387 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Interplay between regulatory elements and chromatin topology in cellular lineage determination.
Shukla, V., Cetnarowska, A., Hyldahl, M., & Mandrup, S. (2022) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2022.05.011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Perturbations in 3D genome organization can promote acquired drug resistance
Manjón, A. G., Hupkes, D. P., Liu, N.-Q., Friskes, A., Joosten, S., Teunissen, H., Aarts, M. T., Preković, S., Zwart, W., de Wit, E., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429315 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
MPRAbase: A Massively Parallel Reporter Assay Database
Zhao, J.-J., Baltoumas, F. A., Konnaris, M. A., Mouratidis, I., Liu, Z., Sims, J., Agarwal, V., Pavlopoulos, G. A., Georgakopoulos-Soares, I., & Ahituv, N. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.567742 · Cited by 8
“…et al. 2013; Patwardhan et al. 2009, 2012; Melnikov et al. 2012; Agarwal et al. 2023), input of natural sequences from whole-genome fragmentation (van Arensbergen et al. 2016, 2019; Liu et al. 2017; Kvon et al. 2014; Arnold et al. 2013), isolation of nucleosome free regions (Murtha et al. 2014),…”
BackgroundOptimisation of TP53 reporters by systematic dissection of synthetic TP53 response elements
Trauernicht, M., Rastogi, C., Manzo, S. G., Bussemaker, H., & van Steensel, B. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad718 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification, Design, and Application of Noncoding Cis-Regulatory Elements
Xu, L., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14080945 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In a related study, van Arensbergen et al. employed this approach on a genome-wide scale in K562 cells to map active gene promoters [37].”
BackgroundTSC tunes progenitor balance and upper-layer neuron generation in neocortex
Casingal, C. R., Nakagawa, N., Yabuno-Nakagawa, K., Meyer, C., Liu, S., Gkini, V., Cho, S.-J., Škarica, M., Liang, D., Simon, J. M., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09810-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is associated with transcriptional silencing 48,49 , whereas acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27ac) in promoter regions is linked to active promoters and transcriptional activation 50 .”
Proformer: a hybrid macaron transformer model predicts expression values from promoter sequences
Kwak, I., Kim, B.-C., Lee, J., Kang, T., Garry, D. J., Zhang, J. J., & Gong, W. (2024) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-024-05645-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Patel, Z. M., & Hughes, T. (2021) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02503-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Deciphering Transcriptional Regulation of Human Core Promoters
Weingarten-Gabbay, S., Nir, R., Lubliner, S., Sharon, E., Kalma, Y., Weinberger, A., & Segal, E. (2017) · doi:10.1101/174904 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“With the growing appreciation of the importance of core promoters in determining gene expression, two recent studies measured the autonomous promoter activity of random sequences genomewide in human and Drosophila(5-7).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuzman, C., Duttke, S. H. C., Zhu, Y., Saldanha, C. D. A., Downes, N. L., Benner, C. W., & Heinz, S. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad562 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Compatibility logic of human enhancer and promoter sequencesPreprint
Bergman, D. T., Jones, T., Liu, V., Siraj, L., Kang, H., Nasser, J., Kane, M., Nguyen, T. H., Grossman, S. R., Fulco, C. P., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.462170 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Functional genomics and epigenomics of atrial fibrillation
Victorino, J., Álvarez, A., & Manzanares, M. (2021) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.04.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Baumgartner, E. A., Compton, Z. J., Evans, S. T., Topczewski, J., & LeClair, E. E. (2019) · Gene Expression Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.gep.2019.03.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dual promoter–enhancer activities reflect a unified regulatory logic
Paramo, M. I., Leung, A. K.-Y., Shah, S. R., Zhang, J., Tippens, N. D., Liang, J. H., Yao, L., Jin, Y., Pan, X., Ozer, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68780-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Single-cell methylation analysis of brain tissue prioritizes mutations that alter transcription
Flint, J., Heffel, M. G., Chen, Z., Mefford, J., Marcus, E., Chen, P. B., Ernst, J., & Luo, C. (2023) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100454 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Defining the fine structure of promoter activity on a genome-wide scale with CISSECTOR
FitzPatrick, V. D., Leemans, C., van Arensbergen, J., van Steensel, B., & Bussemaker, H. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad232 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Howe v er, SuRE can also be used to study enhancers, because most enhancers dri v e low-le v el e xpression, and this acti vity correlates with other measures of enhancer activity ( 4 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLarge‐scale analysis of Drosophila core promoter function using synthetic promoters
Qi, Z., Jung, C., Bandilla, P., Ludwig, C., Heron, M., Kiesel, A. S., Museridze, M., Philippou-Massier, J., Nikolov, M., Schnepf, A. R. M., et al. (2022) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.20209816 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A functional SNP of the core promoter region within goat CDC25A gene affects litter size
Zhang, T., Wang, J., Bai, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, K., Zhu, H.-J., Qu, L., Guo, Z.-G., Pan, C., & Lan, X.-Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1471123 · Cited by 3
“Generally, the promoter region ranges from 2,000 bp upstream to 500 bp downstream of the transcription start site (TSS) in animals (15).”
A mathematical model clarifies the ABC Score formula used in enhancer-gene predictionPreprint
Nasser, J., Nam, K.-M., & Gunawardena, J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.626072
“It is well known that the promoter sequences at some eukaryotic genes are sufficient to drive transcription even in the absence of distal enhancers [36, 37].”
A catalog of transcription start sites across 115 human tissue and cell typesPreprint
Moore, J. E., Zhang, X.-O., Elhajjajy, S. I., Fan, K.-L., Reese, F., Mortazavi, A., & Weng, Z. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443890 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Efficient transcription-coupled chromatin accessibility mapping in situPreprint
Henikoff, S., Henikoff, J., Kaya-Okur, H. S., & Ahmad, K. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043083 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These functional inferences are supported by an ATACseq track, which shows that both sites are accessible to Tn5 and by SuRE (Survey of Regulatory Elements), a massively parallel reporter survey for autonomous active regulatory elements in K562 cells (van Arensbergen et al., 2017) .”
MethodA functional overlap between actively transcribed genes and chromatin insulator elements
Cornell, L., Harrold, C., Holliman, S., Tsang, F. H., Gosden, M., Hanssen, L., Stolper, R. J., Downes, D., Biggs, D., Preece, C., et al. (2026) · EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/s44318-026-00730-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A systematic delineation of 3′UTR regulatory elements and their contextual associations
Liang, N., Li, J., Ding, Y., Wang, Y., Champer, J., Ren, L., & Gao, G. (2026) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658412 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uniform processing and analysis of IGVF massively parallel reporter assay data with MPRAsnakeflow
Rosen, J. D., Vasanthakumari, A. D., Salomon, K., de Lange, N., Dash, P., Keukeleire, P., Hassan, A., Barrera, A., Kircher, M., Love, M. I., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678548 · Cited by 2
“A related method, Self-Transcribing Active Regulatory Region sequencing (STARR-seq), can be used simultaneously to study both cCREs and variants (Arnold et al. 2013; van Arensbergen et al. 2017).”
Interpretable prediction of mRNA abundance from promoter sequence using contextual regression models
Wang, S., & Wang, W. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1093/nargab/lqae055 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For example, the ETS:IRF composite element (EICE) prefers two nucleotide-long spacers and ETS:IRF response element (EIRE) prefers three nucleotide-long spacers ( 25 ).”
Letiagina, A. E., Omelina, E. S., Ivankin, A. V., & Pindyurin, A. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.618189 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Redondo‐Antón, J., Fontela, M. G., Notario, L., Torres-Ruiz, R., Rodríguez, S., Lorente, E., & Lauzurica, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.552949 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhang, Y. P., Fan, Y., Wu, H., & Zhang, X.-O. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68934-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“1C) and exhibit signi fi cantly higher intrinsic transcriptional activity in SuRE assays 26 than other TE-overlapping TSSs (Fig.”
TRANCERs: Engineering enhancers into autonomous tissue-specific expression cassettesPreprint
Molina, E. K. B., Smith, A., López‐Cuevas, P., Nicholls, M., Sharma, S., White, R. M., Milne, T. A., & Hughes, J. R. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684763 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In contrast, there are estimated to be millions of cell type-specific enhancers in the human genome controlling development, differentiation and cellular responses to extrinsic signals 15 .”
Using Synthetic DNA Libraries to Investigate Chromatin and Gene Regulation
Kleinschmidt, H., Xu, C., & Bai, L. (2023) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/s00412-023-00796-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Taking a STAP at Core Promoter-Transcriptional Cofactor Specificity.
Siegenfeld, A. P., Lee, C., & Liau, B. B. (2019) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00537 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
BARe-seq enables high-throughput dissection of cis-regulatory control of transcriptional bursting
Lorbeer, F. K., Alvarez, R. E. R., Bergauer, K., Grün, D., & Stark, A. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.19.745405
“…massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) offer the scalability to assess thousands of sequences, including perturbed and designed synthetic sequences (Arnold et al., 2013; Kwasnieski et al., 2014; Arnold et al., 2017; van Arensbergen et al., 2017; Bergman et al., 2022; de Almeida et al., 2022).”
- Authors
- van Arensbergen, J., FitzPatrick, V. D., de Haas, M., Pagie, L., Sluimer, J., Bussemaker, H. J., & van Steensel, B.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bussemaker, Harmen J
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2016-12-26
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-153
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC5498152
- OpenAlex
- W2566958422
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 5.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1s10od021764-01)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG003008)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008281, T32GM008798)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- transcription initiation, SURE, barcode sequencing, K562 cells, core promoter, enhancers, repetitive elements, genome-wide mapping
- MeSH terms
- Chromosome Mapping, DNA, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Transcriptional Activation, Gene Library, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, K562 Cells, Transcription Initiation, Genetic
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