Promoter or enhancer, what’s the difference? Deconstruction of established distinctions and presentation of a unifying model
Abstract
Summary: Gene transcription is strictly controlled by the interplay of regulatory events at gene promoters and gene‐distal regulatory elements called enhancers. Despite extensive studies of enhancers, we still have a very limited understanding of their mechanisms of action and their restricted spatio‐temporal activities. A better understanding would ultimately lead to fundamental insights into the control of gene transcription and the action of regulatory genetic variants involved in disease. Here, I review and discuss pros and cons of state‐of‐the‐art genomics methods to localize and infer the activity of enhancers. Among the different approaches, profiling of enhancer RNAs yields the highest specificity and may be superior in detecting in vivo activity. I discuss their apparent similarities to promoters, which challenge the established view of enhancers and promoters as distinct entities, and present a unifying model of regulatory elements in transcriptional regulation, in which activity, transcriptional output and regulatory function is context specific.
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Most known transcription factors bind to both enhancers and promoters.
“Most of the known transcription factors bind to both enhancers and promoters [70,71].”
From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- Andersson, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Andersson, Robin
- ORCID
- Andersson, Robin
- Venue
- BioEssays
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-12-02
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 314-323
- ISSN
- 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-1878
- OpenAlex
- W1501807279
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- BioEssays (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lundbeck Foundation and Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Keywords
- enhancers, promoter, transcriptional regulation, distal regulatory elements
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Genetic, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Transcription Initiation Site
About these checks
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