Determinants of enhancer and promoter activities of regulatory elements
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Enhancers and promoters share many properties.
“Contrary to the initial assumption that enhancers and promoters were biologically distinguishable elements, it is becoming clear that they share many properties (reviewed in [233]).”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [233]
The available passages identify a review about enhancer and promoter activities, but contain no discussion of whether the two share properties. Searches for shared properties, functional similarities, and a blurred distinction returned only bibliographic text, so the claim cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCis-regulatory elements exist on a spectrum of enhancer/promoter ability.
“Recently, it has been proposed that cis-regulatory elements exist on a spectrum of enhancer/promoter ability [233, 248].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [233]
The supplied passages and indexed matches contain bibliographic information, not the paper’s discussion of regulatory elements. Searches for an enhancer–promoter spectrum, a continuum of activity, and elements functioning as both enhancers and promoters found no substantive passage, so this copy cannot verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost known transcription factors bind to both enhancers and promoters.
“Most of the known transcription factors bind to both enhancers and promoters [70,71].”
From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [71]
The available copy contains bibliographic information and funding details, but no discussion of transcription-factor binding. Searches for the claim and for shared binding at enhancers and promoters found no passage addressing whether most known transcription factors bind to both. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Andersson, R., & Sandelin, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Andersson, Robin
- Sandelin, Albin
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2019-10-11
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 71-87
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- OpenAlex
- W2979343233
- Cited by
- 713
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 7.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH109907)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (UM1HG009408)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA197139)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (K12GM081266)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK090382, R01 DK60540-09, P30DK098722, R01DK106404)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD084387)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- enhancers, promoter, transcriptional regulatory elements, transcription initiation, transcription start sites, DNA accessibility, transcriptional regulation, enhancer activity, promoter activity
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Transcription, Genetic
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