Reversal of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated cancer immune suppression by systemic kynurenine depletion with a therapeutic enzyme
Open accessAbstract
Increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can mediate immune suppression by upregulation of interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and/or ectopic expression of the predominantly liver-restricted enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Whether these effects are due to Trp depletion in the TME or mediated by the accumulation of the IDO1 and/or TDO (hereafter referred to as IDO1/TDO) product kynurenine (Kyn) remains controversial. Here we show that administration of a pharmacologically optimized enzyme (PEGylated kynureninase; hereafter referred to as PEG-KYNase) that degrades Kyn into immunologically inert, nontoxic and readily cleared metabolites inhibits tumor growth. Enzyme treatment was associated with a marked increase in the tumor infiltration and proliferation of polyfunctional CD8+ lymphocytes. We show that PEG-KYNase administration had substantial therapeutic effects when combined with approved checkpoint inhibitors or with a cancer vaccine for the treatment of large B16-F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast carcinoma or CT26 colon carcinoma tumors. PEG-KYNase mediated prolonged depletion of Kyn in the TME and reversed the modulatory effects of IDO1/TDO upregulation in the TME.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Synergistic activity of PEG-KYNase with anti-PD1 has been demonstrated.
“Synergistic activity with anti-PD1 has also been demonstrated (73,74).”
From Reimagining IDO Pathway Inhibition in Cancer Immunotherapy via Downstream Focus on the Tryptophan–Kynurenine–Aryl Hydrocarbon Axis (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
New Trp-Kyn-AhR inhibitors have shown encouraging activity in preclinical studies.
“Novel Trp-Kyn-AhR inhibitors have demonstrated promising pre-clinical activity”
From Reimagining IDO Pathway Inhibition in Cancer Immunotherapy via Downstream Focus on the Tryptophan–Kynurenine–Aryl Hydrocarbon Axis (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Miroux, B., & Walker, J. E. (1996) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0399 · Cited by 1,964 · see citing works
An endogenous tumour-promoting ligand of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Opitz, C. A., Litzenburger, U. M., Sahm, F., Ott, M., Tritschler, I., Trump, S., Schumacher, T., Jestaedt, L., Schrenk, D., Weller, M., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10491 · Cited by 1,898 · see citing works
Spranger, S., Spaapen, R. M., Zha, Y., Williams, J., Meng, Y., Ha, T. T., & Gajewski, T. F. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006504 · Cited by 1,677 · see citing works
An Interaction between Kynurenine and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Can Generate Regulatory T Cells
Mezrich, J. D., Fechner, J. H., Zhang, X., Johnson, B. P., Burlingham, W. J., & Bradfield, C. A. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903670 · Cited by 1,617 · see citing works
Self-citationKynurenines: Tryptophan’s metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health
Cervenka, I., Agudelo, L. Z., & Ruas, J. L. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf9794 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Frumento, G., Rotondo, R., Tonetti, M., Damonte, G., Benatti, U., & Ferrara, G. B. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20020121 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tumor-induced tolerance
Munn, D. H., & Mellor, A. L. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31178 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
In Situ Cytotoxic and Memory T Cells Predict Outcome in Patients With Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer
Pagès, F., Kirilovsky, A., Mlecnik, B., Asslaber, M., Tosolini, M., Bindea, G., Lagorce, C., Wind, P., Marliot, F., Bruneval, P., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2008.19.6147 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
Terness, P., Bauer, T. M., Röse, L., Dufter, C., Watzlik, A., Simon, H., & Opelz, G. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20020052 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer: Beyond IDO and Tryptophan Depletion
Platten, M., Wick, W., & den Eynde, B. J. V. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0569 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Kynurenines in the CNS: recent advances and new questions
Vécsei, L., Szalárdy, L., Fülöp, F., & Toldi, J. (2013) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3793 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Holmgaard, R., Zamarin, D., Munn, D. H., Wolchok, J. D., & Allison, J. P. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20130066 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Hou, D., Muller, A. J., Sharma, M. D., DuHadaway, J. B., Banerjee, T., Johnson, M., Mellor, A. L., Prendergast, G. C., & Munn, D. H. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2925 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Wainwright, D. A., Chang, A. L., Dey, M., Balyasnikova, I. V., Kim, C. K., Tobias, A. L., Cheng, Y., Kim, J. W., Qiao, J., Zhang, L., et al. (2014) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0514 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Discovery of IDO1 Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside
Prendergast, G. C., Malachowski, W. P., DuHadaway, J. B., & Muller, A. J. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2285 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Spranger, S., Koblish, H. K., Horton, B., Scherle, P. A., Newton, R., & Gajewski, T. F. (2014) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/2051-1426-2-3 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Targeting the IDO1/TDO2–KYN–AhR Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy – Challenges and Opportunities
Cheong, J. E., & Sun, L. (2017) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.007 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Yuan, J. D., Gnjatic, S., Li, H., Powel, S., Gallardo, H. F., Ritter, E., Ku, G. Y., Jungbluth, A. A., Segal, N. H., Rasalan, T. S., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0810114105 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
CTLA-4 blockade in tumor models: an overview of preclinical and translational research.
Grosso, J. F., & Jure‐Kunkel, M. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Mondanelli, G., Bianchi, R., Pallotta, M. T., Orabona, C., Albini, E., Iacono, A., Belladonna, M. L., Vacca, C., Fallarino, F., Macchiarulo, A., et al. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.005 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Ninomiya, S., Narala, N., Huye, L. E., Yagyu, S., Savoldo, B., Dotti, G., Heslop, H. E., Brenner, M. K., Rooney, C. M., & Ramos, C. A. (2015) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2015-01-621474 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase targeted therapy
Sierra, J. R., Cepero, V., & Giordano, S. (2010) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-75 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Thaker, A. I., Rao, M. S., Bishnupuri, K. S., Kerr, T. A., Foster, L. R., Marinshaw, J. M., Newberry, R. D., Stenson, W. F., & Ciorba, M. A. (2013) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.05.002 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Banerjee, T., DuHadaway, J. B., Gaspari, P. M., Sutanto‐Ward, E., Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L., Malachowski, W. P., Prendergast, G. C., & Muller, A. J. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210939 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Fatokun, A. A., Hunt, N. H., & Ball, H. J. (2013) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-013-1602-1 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Trace derivatives of kynurenine potently activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)
Seok, S.-H., Ma, Z.-X., Feltenberger, J. B., Chen, H., Chen, H., Scarlett, C., Lin, Z., Satyshur, K. A., Cortopassi, M., Jefcoate, C. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra117.000631 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Holmgaard, R., Zamarin, D., Lesokhin, A. M., Merghoub, T., & Wolchok, J. D. (2016) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.024 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Theofylaktopoulou, D., Midttun, Ø., Ulvik, A., Ueland, P. M., Tell, G. S., Vollset, S. E., Nygard, O. K., & Eussen, S. J. P. M. (2013) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12092 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The end of the road for the tryptophan depletion concept in pregnancy and infection
Badawy, A. A.-B., Namboodiri, A. M. A., & Moffett, J. R. (2016) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20160153 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Accumulation of an Endogenous Tryptophan-Derived Metabolite in Colorectal and Breast Cancers
Puccetti, P., Fallarino, F., Italiano, A., Soubeyran, I., MacGrogan, G. M., Debled, M., Velasco, V., Bodet, D., Eimer, S., Veldhoen, M., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122046 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
de Velde, L.-A. V., Guo, X.-Z. J., Barbaric, L., Smith, A. M., Oguin, T. H., Thomas, P. G., & Murray, P. J. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.079 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Possible roles of excess tryptophan metabolites in cancer
Chung, K., & Gadupudi, G. (2011) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.20588 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sonner, J. K., Deumelandt, K., Ott, M., Thomé, C. M., Rauschenbach, K. J., Schulz, S., Munteanu, B., Mohapatra, S., Adam, I., Hofer, A.-C., et al. (2016) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1240858 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Moyer, B. J., Rojas, I. Y., Murray, I. A., Lee, S., Hazlett, H. F., Perdew, G. H., & Tomlinson, C. R. (2017) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Structure and mechanism of kynureninase
Phillips, R. S. (2013) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2013.10.020 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Levina, V. V., Su, Y., & Gorelik, E. (2012) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2012/173029 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
IDO1 suppresses inhibitor development in hemophilia A treated with factor VIII
Matino, D., Gargaro, M., Santagostino, E., Minno, M. N. D. D., Castaman, G., Morfini, M., Rocino, A., Mancuso, M. E., Minno, G. D., Coppola, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci81859 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Tumor immunogenicity and responsiveness to cancer vaccine therapy: The state of the art
Schreiber, T. H., Raez, L. E., Rosenblatt, J. D., & Podack, E. R. (2010) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2010.02.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies for optimizing the serum persistence of engineered human arginase I for cancer therapy
Stone, E. M., Chantranupong, L., Gonzalez, C., O’Neal, J. F., Rani, M., Berg, C. L. V. D., & Georgiou, G. (2011) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.097 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationCloning, Sequence, and Expression of Kynureninase fromPseudomonas fluorescens
Koushik, S. V., Sundararaju, B., McGraw, R. A., & Phillips, R. S. (1997) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0220 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cancer immunoediting and resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy
O’Donnell, J. S., Teng, M. W. L., & Smyth, M. J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-018-0142-8 · Cited by 1,759 · see citing works
Rothhammer, V., & Quintana, F. J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0125-8 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease
Chen, X., Li, G., Zheng, Q., Gu, X., Shi, Q., Su, Y., Chu, Q., Yuan, X., Bao, Z., Lu, J., et al. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.004 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Therapy-Induced Evolution of Human Lung Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
Maynard, A., McCoach, C. E., Rotow, J. K., Harris, L., Haderk, F., Kerr, D. L., Yu, E. A., Schenk, E. L., Tan, W., Zee, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.017 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Tang, T., Huang, X., Zhang, G., Hong, Z., Bai, X., & Liang, T. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00449-4 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Navigating CAR-T cells through the solid-tumour microenvironment
Hou, A. J., Chen, L. C., & Chen, Y. Y. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00189-2 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Blockade of the AHR restricts a Treg-macrophage suppressive axis induced by L-Kynurenine
Campesato, L. F., Budhu, S., Tchaicha, J. H., Weng, C., Gigoux, M., Cohen, I., Redmond, D., Mangarin, L. M. B., Pourpe, S., Liu, C., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17750-z · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Self-citationGut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Homeostasis
Su, X., Gao, Y., & Yang, R. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11152296 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Labadie, B. W., Bao, R., & Luke, J. J. (2019) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2882 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Xia, L., Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2019-io-s1-s05 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Yang, L., Chu, Z., Liu, M., Zou, Q., Li, J., Liu, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, T., Xiang, J., & Wang, B. (2023) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-023-01453-1 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Immunometabolic Interplay in the Tumor Microenvironment
Kaymak, I., Williams, K. S., Cantor, J. R., & Jones, R. G. (2020) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.09.004 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Metabolic interventions in the immune response to cancer
O’Sullivan, D., Sanin, D. E., Pearce, E. J., & Pearce, E. L. (2019) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0140-9 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Amino Acids and Their Transporters in T Cell Immunity and Cancer Therapy
Wang, W., & Zou, W. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.006 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The therapeutic potential of targeting tryptophan catabolism in cancer
Opitz, C. A., Somarribas Patterson, L. F., Mohapatra, S. R., Dewi, D. L., Sadik, A., Platten, M., & Trump, S. (2020) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-019-0664-6 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Immune control by amino acid catabolism during tumorigenesis and therapy
Lemos, H. D. P., Huang, L., Prendergast, G. C., & Mellor, A. L. (2019) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0106-z · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Activatable Polymer Nanoenzymes for Photodynamic Immunometabolic Cancer Therapy
Zeng, Z., Zhang, C., Li, J., Cui, D., Jiang, Y., & Pu, K. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202007247 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Inhibiting IDO pathways to treat cancer: lessons from the ECHO-301 trial and beyond
Muller, A. J., Manfredi, M. G., Zakharia, Y., & Prendergast, G. C. (2018) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-018-0702-0 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune checkpoint modulators in cancer immunotherapy: recent advances and emerging concepts
Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Wu, W., Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Hu, J. J., Luo, P., Zhang, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-022-01325-0 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future
Obrador, E., Moreno-Murciano, P., Oriol‐Caballo, M., López‐Blanch, R., Pineda, B., Gutiérrez-Arroyo, J., Loras, A., Bonet, L. G. G., Martínez‐Cadenas, C., Estrela, J. M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25052529 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
ADORA1 Inhibition Promotes Tumor Immune Evasion by Regulating the ATF3-PD-L1 Axis
Liu, H., Kuang, X., Zhang, Y., Ye, Y., Li, J., Liang, L., Xie, Z., Weng, L., Guo, J., Li, H., et al. (2020) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.02.006 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvancing to the era of cancer immunotherapy
Wang, Y., Wang, M., Wu, H., & Xu, R. (2021) · 癌症:英文版 · doi:10.1002/cac2.12178 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
USP14 promotes tryptophan metabolism and immune suppression by stabilizing IDO1 in colorectal cancer
Shi, D., Wu, X., Jian, Y., Wang, J., Huang, C., Mo, S., Li, Y., Li, F., Zhang, C., Zhang, D., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33285-x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Enzyme Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
de la Fuente, M., Lombardero, L., Gómez-González, A., Solari, C., Angulo‐Barturen, Í., Acera, A., Vecino, E., Astigarraga, E., & Barreda‐Gómez, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179181 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Riley-Gillis, B. M., Han, L., Jia, Y., Lodi, A., Zhang, H., Ganesan, S., Pan, R. A., Konoplev, S. N., Sweeney, S., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00870-3 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Modulation of Immunity: A New Concept in Cancer Immunotherapy
Guerra, L., Bonetti, L., & Brenner, D. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107848 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic significance of Tryptophan Metabolism and signaling in cancer
Yan, J. J., Chen, D., Ye, Z., Zhu, X., Li, X., Jiao, H., Duan, M., Zhang, C., Cheng, J., Xu, L., et al. (2024) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-024-02164-y · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Aptamer-conjugated nano-liposome for immunogenic chemotherapy with reversal of immunosuppression
Kim, M., Lee, J. S., Kim, W.-Y., Lee, J. H., Jun, B., Kim, K., & Kim, D. (2022) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.039 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Is There a Clinical Future for IDO1 Inhibitors After the Failure of Epacadostat in Melanoma?
Van den Eynde, B. J., van Baren, N., & Baurain, J.-F. (2020) · Annual Review of Cancer Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033635 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Nanomedicine‐Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis
Zhang, P., Zhai, Y., Cai, Y., Zhao, Y., & Li, Y. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201904156 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Liu, J., Bai, Y., Li, Y., Li, X., & Luo, K. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105301 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Rizvi, Z. A., Dalal, R., Sadhu, S., Kumar, Y., Kumar, S., Gupta, S. K., Tripathy, M. R., Rathore, D. K., & Awasthi, A. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg5016 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Nanomedicine‐Boosting Tumor Immunogenicity for Enhanced Immunotherapy
Huang, J., Yang, B., Peng, Y., Huang, J., Wong, S. H. D., Bian, L., Zhu, K., Shuai, X., & Han, S. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202011171 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Hou, B., Zhou, L., Wang, H., Saeed, M., Wang, D., Xu, Z., Li, Y., & Yu, H. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201907210 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Tryptophan depletion results in tryptophan-to-phenylalanine substitutants
Pataskar, A., Champagne, J., Nagel, R., Kenski, J. C. N., Laos, M., Michaux, J., Pak, H. S., Bleijerveld, O. B., Mordente, K., Navarro, J. M., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04499-2 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, C., Huang, J., Zeng, Z., He, S., Cheng, P., Li, J., & Pu, K. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31044-6 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
CRISPR screens in physiologic medium reveal conditionally essential genes in human cells
Rossiter, N. J., Huggler, K. S., Adelmann, C. H., Keys, H. R., Soens, R. W., Sabatini, D. M., & Cantor, J. R. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.005 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Miller, K. D., O’Connor, S., Pniewski, K. A., Kannan, T., Acosta, R., Mirji, G., Papp, S. B., Hulse, M., Mukha, D., Hlavaty, S. I., et al. (2023) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-023-00636-6 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Kynurenine emerges from the shadows – Current knowledge on its fate and function
Marszałek‐Grabska, M., Walczak, K., Gaweł, K., Wicha-Komsta, K., Wnorowska, S., Wnorowski, A., & Turski, W. A. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107845 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Targeting Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer Immunotherapy Era: Challenges and Perspectives
Peyraud, F., Guégan, J., Bodet, D., Cousin, S., Bessede, A., & Italiano, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.807271 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Overview of recent advances in liposomal nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapy
Gao, A., Hu, X., Saeed, M., Chen, B., Li, Y., & Yu, H. (2019) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-019-0281-1 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The path toward using microbial metabolites as therapies
Descamps, H. C., Herrmann, B. I., Wiredu, D., & Thaiss, C. A. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.063 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Immune-checkpoint inhibitor resistance in cancer treatment: Current progress and future directions
Zhang, C., Zhang, C., & Wang, H. (2023) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216182 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Dendritic Cell Vaccines: A Shift from Conventional Approach to New Generations
Lee, K.-W., Yam, J. W. P., & Mao, X. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12172147 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Zhou, C., Zhang, Y., Yan, R.-M., Huang, L., Mellor, A. L., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Wei, W.-F., Wu, X., Yu, L., et al. (2020) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-020-00618-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Greathouse, K. L., & Wyatt, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041189 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
An in situ hydrogel-mediated chemo-immunometabolic cancer therapy
Wang, B., Chen, J., Caserto, J. S., Wang, X., & Ma, M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31579-8 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cao, X., Geng, Q., Fan, D., Wang, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, M., Zhao, L., Jiao, Y., Deng, T., Liu, H., et al. (2023) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-022-01704-8 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Tryptophan and its metabolites in normal physiology and cancer etiology
Perez‐Castro, L., Garcia, R., Venkateswaran, N., Barnes, S. D., & Conacci‐Sorrell, M. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16245 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Uraemic solutes as therapeutic targets in CKD-associated cardiovascular disease
Ravid, J. D., Kamel, M. H., & Chitalia, V. C. (2021) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00408-4 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The role of AhR in transcriptional regulation of immune cell development and function
Trikha, P., & Lee, D. A. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188335 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Inflammation in cancer and depression: a starring role for the kynurenine pathway
Sforzini, L., Nettis, M. A., Mondelli, V., & Pariante, C. M. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05200-8 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kober, C., Roewe, J., Schmees, N., Roese, L., Roehn, U., Bader, B., Stoeckigt, D., Prinz, F., Gorjánácz, M., Roider, H. G., et al. (2023) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2023-007495 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: structure, signaling, physiology and pathology
Coumoul, X., Barouki, R., Esser, C., Haarmann‐Stemmann, T., Lawrence, B. P., Lehmann, J., Moura‐Alves, P., Murray, I. A., Opitz, C. A., Perdew, G. H., et al. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02500-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Tryptophan: A Rheostat of Cancer Immune Escape Mediated by Immunosuppressive Enzymes IDO1 and TDO
Kim, M., & Tomek, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.636081 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Gautam, S. K., Batra, S. K., & Jain, M. (2023) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01813-y · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Noncoding RNAs link metabolic reprogramming to immune microenvironment in cancers
Zhang, Y., Mao, Q., Xia, Q., Cheng, J., Huang, Z., Li, Y., Chen, P., Yang, J., Fan, X., Liang, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-021-01179-y · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Fueling T-cell Antitumor Immunity: Amino Acid Metabolism Revisited
Han, C., Ge, M., Ho, P., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0459 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Fighting in a wasteland: deleterious metabolites and antitumor immunity
Watson, M. J., & Delgoffe, G. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci148549 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Amino acid metabolism reprogramming: shedding new light on T cell anti-tumor immunity
Zheng, Y., Yao, Y., Ge, T., Ge, S., Jia, R., Song, X., & Zhuang, A. (2023) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-023-02845-4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
A Metabolism Toolbox for CAR T Therapy
Xu, X., Gnanaprakasam, J. R., Sherman, J. W., & Wang, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00322 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dai, L., Li, X., Yao, M., Niu, P., Yuan, X., Li, K., Chen, M., Fu, Z., Duan, X., Liu, H., et al. (2020) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119901 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Detrimental activation of AhR pathway in cancer: an overview of therapeutic strategies
Leclerc, D., Pires, A. S., Guillemin, G. J., & Gilot, D. (2021) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2020.12.003 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Malignant Tumor
Song, X., Si, Q., Qi, R., Liu, W., Li, M., Guo, M.-Y., Wei, L., & Yao, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.800630 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer: limitation and challenges
Yan, S., Wang, W., Feng, Z., Xue, J., Liang, W., Wu, X., Tan, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Li, X., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1403533 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic checkpoints in immune cell reprogramming: rewiring immunometabolism for cancer therapy
Lv, Y., Li, Z., Liu, S., Zhou, Z., Jinling, S., Ba, Y., Weng, S., Zuo, A., Xu, H. W., Luo, P., et al. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02407-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Schramme, F., Crosignani, S., Frederix, K., Hoffmann, D., Pilotte, L., Stroobant, V., Preillon, J., Driessens, G., & den Eynde, B. J. V. (2019) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0041 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Kynurenine Pathway and Indole Pathway in Tryptophan Metabolism Influence Tumor Progression
Lu, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Su, W., Wang, G., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.70703 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lu, S., Sun, X., Zhou, Z., Tang, H., Xiao, R., Lv, Q., Wang, B., Qu, J., Yu, J., Sun, F., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235575 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The role of the kynurenine pathway in cardiovascular disease
Yang, Y.-H., Liu, X., Liu, X.-Y., Xie, C.-Y., & Shi, J.-W. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1406856 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Immune metabolism in PD-1 blockade-based cancer immunotherapy
Kumar, A., & Chamoto, K. (2020) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa046 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gargaro, M., Manni, G., Scalisi, G., Puccetti, P., & Fallarino, F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094644 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Targeting Cancer Cell Ferroptosis to Reverse Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Resistance
Deng, J., Zhou, M. L., Liao, T., Kuang, W., Xia, H., Yin, Z., Tan, Q., Li, Y., Song, S., Zhou, E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.818453 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Jennings, M. R., Munn, D. H., & Blazeck, J. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y., Jiang, S., Lin, J., & Huang, P. (2022) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202208583 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Oncogene-dependent sloppiness in mRNA translation
Champagne, J., Pataskar, A., Blommaert, N., Nagel, R., Wernaart, D., Ramalho, S., Kenski, J. C. N., Bleijerveld, O. B., Zaal, E. A., Berkers, C. R., et al. (2021) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Sun, J., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Zhai, W., Wu, Y., Chen, G., Gou, S., Sui, X., Zhao, W., et al. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Shi, B., Zhang, X., Song, Z.-Y., Dai, Z., Luo, K., Chen, B., Zhou, Z., Cui, Y., Feng, B., Zhu, Z., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg7417 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationLeveraging intrinsic flexibility to engineer enhanced enzyme catalytic activity
Karamitros, C. S., Murray, K., Winemiller, B., Lamb, C., Stone, E. M., D’Arcy, S., Johnson, K. A., & Georgiou, G. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118979119 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, X., Gao, H., Xiao, J. Y., Han, S., He, J., Yuan, R., Yang, S., & Yao, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185985 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wawrzyniak, P., & Hartman, M. L. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02294-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The interactive role of inflammatory mediators and metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer
Ohara, Y., Valenzuela, P., & Hussain, S. P. (2022) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2022.03.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The past, present, and future of enzyme-based therapies
Hennigan, J. N., & Lynch, M. (2021) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tumor Metabolism-Rewriting Nanomedicines for Cancer Immunotherapy
Dong, X., Xia, S., Du, S., Zhu, M., Lai, X. P., Yao, S. Q., Chen, H., & Fang, C. (2023) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.3c00702 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
How Ah Receptor Ligand Specificity Became Important in Understanding Its Physiological Function
Murray, I. A., & Perdew, G. H. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249614 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Immunometabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment
Roy, D. G., Kaymak, I., Williams, K. S., Ma, E. H., & Jones, R. G. (2020) · Annual Review of Cancer Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055817 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Targeting metabolic dysfunction of CD8 T cells and natural killer cells in cancer
Viel, S., Vivier, É., Walzer, T., & Marçais, A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-024-01098-w · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Luby, A., & Alves‐Guerra, M. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13235912 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Peng, X., Zhao, Z., Liu, L., Bai, L., Tong, R., Yang, H., & Zhong, L. (2022) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s373780 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nano-drug delivery systems for T cell-based immunotherapy
Li, R. P., Chen, Z., Li, J., Dai, Z., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101621 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Manipulating the Metabolism to Improve the Efficacy of CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy
Pellegrino, M., Bufalo, F. D., Angelis, B. D., Quintarelli, C., Caruana, I., & de Billy, E. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10010014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Role of Metabolic Enzymes in the Regulation of Inflammation
Godfrey, W. H., & Kornberg, M. D. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10110426 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cisplatin Resistance and Redox-Metabolic Vulnerability: A Second Alteration
Wangpaichitr, M., Theodoropoulos, G., Nguyen, D. J. M., Wu, C., Spector, S. A., Feun, L. G., & Savaraj, N. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147379 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Bioenzyme-based nanomedicines for enhanced cancer therapy
Ding, M., Zhang, Y., Li, J., & Pu, K. (2022) · Nano Convergence · doi:10.1186/s40580-022-00297-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Metabolites as agents and targets for cancer immunotherapy
Trefny, M. P., Kroemer, G., Zitvogel, L., & Kobold, S. (2025) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-025-01227-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
He, X., He, G., Chu, Z., Wu, H., Wang, J., Ge, Y., Shen, H., Zhang, S., Shan, J., Peng, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01305 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Zhu, B., Cai, Y., Zhou, L., Zhao, L., Chen, J., Shan, X., Sun, X., You, Q., Gong, X., Zhang, W., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-55904-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Microbial L-asparaginase as a promising enzyme for treatment of various cancers
Darvishi, F., Jahanafrooz, Z., & Mokhtarzadeh, A. (2022) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-022-12086-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Capturing nascent extracellular vesicles by metabolic glycan labeling-assisted microfluidics
Wu, Q., Wang, W., Zhang, C., You, Z., Zeng, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, S., Li, X., Yang, C. J., & Song, Y. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42248-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fahrmann, J. F., Tanaka, I., Irajizad, E., Mao, X., Dennison, J. B., Murage, E. N., Casabar, J. P., Mayo, J., Peng, Q., Çeliktaş, M., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14102543 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Triplett, T. A., Garrison, K. C., Marshall, N., Donkor, M., Blazeck, J., Lamb, C., Qerqez, A., Dekker, J. D., Tanno, Y., Lu, W.-C., Karamitros, C. S., Ford, K., Tan, B., Zhang, X. M., McGovern, K., Coma, S., Kumada, Y., Yamany, M. S., Sentandreu, E., Fromm, G., Tiziani, S., Schreiber, T. H., Manfredi, M., Ehrlich, L. I. R., Stone, E., & Georgiou, G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Kyoto Institute of Technology (JP)
- Heat Biologics (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stone, Everett
- Georgiou, George
- ORCID
- Triplett, Todd A
- Marshall, Nicholas
- Blazeck, John
- Lamb, Candice
- Qerqez, Ahlam
- Dekker, Joseph D
- Tanno, Yuri
- Karamitros, Christos S
- Ford, Kyle
- Tan, Bing
- Zhang, Xiaoyan M
- McGovern, Karen
- Kumada, Yoichi
- Sentandreu, Enrique
- Fromm, George
- Tiziani, Stefano
- Schreiber, Taylor H
- Manfredi, Mark
- Ehrlich, Lauren I R
- Stone, Everett
- Georgiou, George
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2018-07-16
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 758-764
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC6078800
- OpenAlex
- W2883967352
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA189623)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Cancer Research and Treatments
- Keywords
- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine, kynureninase, tumor immunosuppression, tryptophan catabolism, tumor microenvironment, CD8+ T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, enzyme therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, Humans, Hydrolases, Kynurenine, Neoplasms, Cancer Vaccines, Cell Line, Tumor, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review