Experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells requires pertussis toxin-driven IL-1β production by myeloid cells
Open accessAbstract
CD4(+) Th17 are heterogeneous in terms of cytokine production and capacity to initiate autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we demonstrate that experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th cells expressing RORγt and T-bet and producing IL-17A, IFN-γ and GM-CSF but not IL-10 (Th1/Th17), is dependent on the presence of pertussis toxin (PTX) at the time of immunization. PTX induces early production of IL-1β by CD11b(+)CCR2(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cells, which are rapidly recruited to antigen-draining lymph nodes. PTX-induced generation of Th1/Th17 cells is impaired in IL-1β- and ASC-deficient mice and in mice in which myeloid cells are depleted or fail to migrate to lymph nodes and requires expression of IL-1R1 and MyD88 on both T cells and non-T cells. Collectively, these data shed light on the enigmatic function of PTX in EAE induction and suggest that inflammatory monocytes and microbial infection can influence differentiation of pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases through production of IL-1β.
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Among environmental factors, microbes and their secreted products or toxins play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
“Among the environmental factors, microbes (and their secreted products or toxins) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of MS (132, 133).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
Inflammasome activation has an essential role in the progression of several neurological disorders like MS, AD, PPD, and NPS.
“In the CNS, inflammasome activation has been mainly linked to neuroinflammatory conditions. As example, it has an essential role in the progression of several neurological disorders like MS, AD, PPD, and NPS (132, 193–197).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
PTX induced recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the draining lymph nodes, which were responsible for IL-1β production in the tissue.
“The toxin induced the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the draining lymph-nodes which were responsible of the production of IL-1β in the tissue (132).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
The increase in IL-1β occurred earlier than the appearance of any clinical symptom in the EAE model.
“This happened earlier than the appearance of any clinical symptom (132).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
IL-1β signaling at both T and non-T cells was necessary to generate the immune reactions involved in EAE disease development.
“Interestingly we have also shown that the signaling of IL-1β both at the level of T and non-T cells was necessary to generate the immune reactions involved in the disease development (132).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
Priming of the pathogenic CD4+ T helper subset was dependent on ASC-dependent IL-1β production, and not on IL-12p35 or IL-12p40.
“The priming of this pathogenic subset of T helper CD4+ T cells was dependent on ASC-dependent IL-1β production, and not on IL-12p35 or IL-12p40 (132).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
IL-1β expression and production (but not IL-18, IL-1α, IL-6, or IL-23) was transiently and shortly increased post-PTX (and not PBS) injections in the draining lymph nodes during the priming phases of the EAE disease model.
“In addition, we showed that expression and production of IL-1β (and not IL-18, IL-1α, IL-6, or IL-23) was transiently and shortly increased post-PTX (and not PBS) injections, in the draining lymph-nodes, during the priming phases of the disease model (132).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
IL-1β-producing lymphoid myeloid cells were needed for priming of multifunctional encephalitogenic T cells producing IL-17A, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and IL-22.
“IL-1β–producing lymphoid myeloid cells were needed for the priming of multifunctional encephalitogenic T cells, characterized by the production of IL-17A, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and IL-22 (132).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
In some cases, the inflammasome is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as EAE, upon bacterial exposure.
“In some cases, it is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as EAE, upon bacterial exposure (132).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [132]
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- Authors
- Ronchi, F., Basso, C., Preite, S., Reboldi, A., Baumjohann, D., Perlini, L., Lanzavecchia, A., & Sallusto, F.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (CH)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Sallusto, Federica
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2016-05-18
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11541-11541
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4873938
- OpenAlex
- W2400343837
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine
- Fondazione Cariplo
- Institute of Rheumatology Research
- Helmut Horten Stiftung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Th1/Th17 cells, pertussis toxin, IL-1β, myeloid cells, inflammatory monocytes, RORγt, T-bet, IL1R1, MyD88, ASC, CCR2, lymph node migration, Th17 cell differentiation, autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Female, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Interferon-gamma, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Interleukin-17, Pertussis Toxin, Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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