The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emergent quantum confinement at topological insulator surfaces
Open accessAbstract
The surface electronic structure of bismuth-chalchogenide topological insulators interfaced to air or other materials has complex features not predicted by theory. Bahramy et al. propose a model explaining the origin of these electronic states, and uncover their rich spin texture by circular dichroism experiments. Bismuth-chalchogenides are model examples of three-dimensional topological insulators. Their ideal bulk-truncated surface hosts a single spin-helical surface state, which is the simplest possible surface electronic structure allowed by their non-trivial Z2 topology. However, real surfaces of such compounds, even if kept in ultra-high vacuum, rapidly develop a much more complex electronic structure whose origin and properties have proved controversial. Here we demonstrate that a conceptually simple model, implementing a semiconductor-like band bending in a parameter-free tight-binding supercell calculation, can quantitatively explain the entire measured hierarchy of electronic states. In combination with circular dichroism in angle-resolved photoemission experiments, we further uncover a rich three-dimensional spin texture of this surface electronic system, resulting from the non-trivial topology of the bulk band structure. Moreover, our study sheds new light on the surface-bulk connectivity in topological insulators, and reveals how this is modified by quantum confinement.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple
Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.3865 · Cited by 215,824
Colloquium : Topological insulators
Hasan, M. Z., & Kane, C. L. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.3045 · Cited by 19,930
Z 2 Topological Order and the Quantum Spin Hall Effect
Kane, C. L., & Mele, E. J. (2005) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.146802 · Cited by 6,460
Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface
Zhang, H., Liu, C.-X., Qi, X.-L., Dai, X., Fang, Z., & Zhang, S.-C. (2009) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys1270 · Cited by 6,359
wannier90: A tool for obtaining maximally-localised Wannier functions
Mostofi, A. A., Yates, J. R., Lee, Y.-S., Souza, I., Vanderbilt, D., & Marzari, N. (2008) · Computer Physics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2007.11.016 · Cited by 4,234
Observation of a large-gap topological-insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface
Xia, Y., Qian, D., Hsieh, D., Wray, L., Pal, A., Lin, H., Bansil, A., Grauer, D., Hor, Y. S., Cava, R. J., et al. (2009) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys1274 · Cited by 3,765
Experimental Realization of a Three-Dimensional Topological Insulator, Bi 2 Te 3
Chen, Y. L., Analytis, J. G., Chu, J.-H., Liu, Z. K., Mo, S.-K., Qi, X. L., Zhang, H. J., Lu, D. H., Dai, X., Fang, Z., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1173034 · Cited by 3,585
Maximally localized Wannier functions for entangled energy bands
Souza, I., Marzari, N., & Vanderbilt, D. (2001) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.65.035109 · Cited by 2,220
A tunable topological insulator in the spin helical Dirac transport regime
Hsieh, D., Xia, Y., Qian, D., Wray, L., Dil, J. H., Meier, F., Osterwalder, J., Patthey, L., Checkelsky, J. G., Ong, N. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08234 · Cited by 1,979
Self-citationSemiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces
Mönch, W. (1993) · Springer Series in Surface Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02882-7 · Cited by 1,014
Giant Rashba-type spin splitting in bulk BiTeI
Ishizaka, K., Bahramy, M. S., Murakawa, H., Sakano, M., Shimojima, T., Sonobe, T., Koizumi, K., Shin, S., Miyahara, H., Kimura, A., et al. (2011) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3051 · Cited by 897
Self-citationGiant Spin Splitting through Surface Alloying
Ast, C. R., Henk, J., Ernst, A., Moreschini, L., Falub, M. C., Pacilé, D., Bruno, P., Kern, K., & Grioni, M. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.186807 · Cited by 850
Hexagonal Warping Effects in the Surface States of the Topological InsulatorBi2Te3
Fu, L. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.266801 · Cited by 775
Lin, H., Wray, L. A., Xia, Y., Xu, S., Jia, S., Cava, R. J., Bansil, A., & Hasan, M. Z. (2010) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2771 · Cited by 736
Properties of a 2D electron gas with lifted spectral degeneracy
Bychkov, Y. A., & RASHBA, E. I. (1984) · Cited by 592
A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations
Wray, L. A., Xu, S.-Y., Xia, Y., Hsieh, D., Fedorov, A. V., Hor, Y. S., Cava, R. J., Bansil, A., Lin, H., & Hasan, M. Z. (2011) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys1838 · Cited by 581
Coexistence of the topological state and a two-dimensional electron gas on the surface of Bi2Se3
Bianchi, M., Guan, D., Bao, S., Mi, J., Iversen, B. B., King, P. D. C., & Hofmann, P. (2010) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1131 · Cited by 482
Self-citationYazyev, O. V., Moore, J. E., & Louie, S. G. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.266806 · Cited by 479
Large Tunable Rashba Spin Splitting of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas inBi2Se3
King, P. D. C., Hatch, R. C., Bianchi, M., Ovsyannikov, R., Lupulescu, C., Landolt, G., Slomski, B., Dil, J. H., Guan, D., Mi, J. L., et al. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.096802 · Cited by 466
Self-citationWien2wannier: From linearized augmented plane waves to maximally localized Wannier functions
Kuneš, J., Arita, R., Wissgott, P., Toschi, A., Ikeda, H., & Held, K. (2010) · Computer Physics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2010.08.005 · Cited by 462
Self-citationTopological Phase Transition and Texture Inversion in a Tunable Topological Insulator
Xu, S.-Y., Xia, Y., Wray, L. A., Jia, S., Meier, F., Dil, J. H., Osterwalder, J., Slomski, B., Bansil, A., Lin, H., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1201607 · Cited by 461
Lin, H.-F., Wray, L. A., Xia, Y., Jia, S., Cava, R. J., Bansil, A., & Hasan, M. Z. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1003.0155 · Cited by 351
Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces
Mönch, W. (2001) · Springer series in surface sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04459-9 · Cited by 325
Controlling Bulk Conductivity in Topological Insulators: Key Role of Anti‐Site Defects
Scanlon, D. O., King, P. D. C., Singh, R. P., de la Torre, A., Walker, S. M., Balakrishnan, G., Baumberger, F., & Catlow, C. R. A. (2012) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201200187 · Cited by 307
Self-citationReactive Chemical Doping of theBi2Se3Topological Insulator
Benia, H. M., Lin, C., Kern, K., & Ast, C. R. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.177602 · Cited by 268
Emergence of non-centrosymmetric topological insulating phase in BiTeI under pressure
Bahramy, M. S., Yang, B.-J., Arita, R., & Nagaosa, N. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1679 · Cited by 262
Self-citationOrigin of giant bulk Rashba splitting: Application to BiTeI
Bahramy, M. S., Arita, R., & Nagaosa, N. (2011) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.84.041202 · Cited by 226
Self-citationWang, Y. H., Hsieh, D., Pilon, D., Fu, L., Gardner, D. R., Lee, Y. S., & Gedik, N. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.207602 · Cited by 218
Rashba Spin-Splitting Control at the Surface of the Topological InsulatorBi2Se3
Zhu, Z.-H., Levy, G., Ludbrook, B., Veenstra, C. N., Rosen, J. A., Comin, R., Wong, D., Dosanjh, P., Ubaldini, A., Syers, P., et al. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.186405 · Cited by 205
Valla, T., Pan, Z.-H., Gardner, D., Lee, Y. S., & Chu, S. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.117601 · Cited by 202
Souma, S., Kosaka, K., Sato, T., Komatsu, M., Takayama, A., Takahashi, T., Kriener, M., Segawa, K., & Ando, Y. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.216803 · Cited by 199
Chen, C., He, S., Weng, H., Zhang, W., Zhao, L., Liu, H., Jia, X., Mou, D., Liu, S., He, J., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1115555109 · Cited by 185
Surface states of topological insulators
Zhang, F., Kane, C. L., & Mele, E. J. (2012) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.86.081303 · Cited by 177
Chiral Orbital-Angular Momentum in the Surface States ofBi2Se3
Park, S. R., Han, J., Kim, C., Koh, Y. Y., Kim, C., Lee, H., Choi, H. J., Han, J. H., Lee, K. D., Hur, N. J., et al. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.046805 · Cited by 165
Experimental Realization of a Three-Dimensional Topological Insulator
Chen, Y. (2010) · Bulletin of the American Physical Society · Cited by 162
Bianchi, M., Hatch, R. C., Mi, J., Iversen, B. B., & Hofmann, P. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.086802 · Cited by 147
Self-citationNoh, H.-J., Koh, H., Oh, S.-J., Park, J.-H., Kim, H.-D., Rameau, J. D., Valla, T., Kidd, T. E., Johnson, P. D., Hu, Y., et al. (2008) · EPL (Europhysics Letters) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/81/57006 · Cited by 115
Experimental Realization of a Three-Dimensional Topological Insulator, Bi 2Te3
Siemons, W. (2010) · Physical Review B · Cited by 111
Surface Band-Gap Narrowing in Quantized Electron Accumulation Layers
King, P. D. C., Veal, T. D., McConville, C. F., Zúñiga-Pérez, J., Muñoz-Sanjosé, V., Hopkinson, M., Rienks, E. D. L., Jensen, M. F., & Hofmann, P. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.256803 · Cited by 102
Self-citationEremeev, S. V., Vergniory, M. G., Menshchikova, T. V., Шапошников, А. А., & Chulkov, E. V. (2012) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/11/113030 · Cited by 88
Robust Surface Doping of Bi2Se3 by Rubidium Intercalation
Bianchi, M., Hatch, R. C., Li, Z., Hofmann, P., Song, F., Mi, J., Iversen, B. B., El‐Fattah, Z. M. A., Löptien, P., Zhou, L., et al. (2012) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn3021822 · Cited by 81
Self-citationSpin texture on the warped Dirac-cone surface states in topological insulators
Basak, S., Lin, H., Wray, L. A., Xu, S., Fu, L., Hasan, M. Z., & Bansil, A. (2011) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.84.121401 · Cited by 76
Warping effects in the band and angular-momentum structures of the topological insulator Bi 2 Te 3
Jung, W., Kim, Y., Kim, B., Koh, Y., Kim, C., Matsunami, M., Kimura, S., Arita, M., Shimada, K., Han, J. H., et al. (2011) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.84.245435 · Cited by 56
Mirhosseini, H., & Henk, J. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.036803 · Cited by 44
On the origin of two-dimensional electron gas states at the surface of topological insulators
Menshchikova, T. V., Eremeev, S. V., & Chulkov, E. V. (2011) · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters · doi:10.1134/s0021364011140104 · Cited by 39
Ishida, Y., 菅藤, 裕., Kikkawa, A., Taguchi, Y., Ito, Y., Ota, Y., Okazaki, K., Malaeb, W., Mulazzi, M., Okawa, M., et al. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.077601 · Cited by 35
Frantzeskakis, E., & Grioni, M. (2011) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.84.155453 · Cited by 35
Ab initio study of 2DEG at the surface of topological insulator Bi2Te3
Vergniory, M. G., Menshchikova, T. V., Eremeev, S. V., & Chulkov, E. V. (2012) · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters · doi:10.1134/s0021364012040108 · Cited by 23
Wray, L. A., Xu, S., Neupane, M., Xia, Y., Hsieh, D., Qian, D., Fedorov, A. V., Lin, H., Basak, S., Hor, Y. S., et al. (2011) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1105.4794 · Cited by 16
Cited by
Colloquium : Topological band theory
Bansil, A., Lin, H., & Das, T. (2016) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.88.021004 · Cited by 1,587
Direct observation of spin-polarized bulk bands in an inversion-symmetric semiconductor
Riley, J. M., Mazzola, F., Dendzik, M., Michiardi, M., Takayama, T., Bawden, L., Granerød, C., Leandersson, M., Balasubramanian, T., Hoesch, M., et al. (2014) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys3105 · Cited by 364
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bahramy, M. S., King, P. D. C., de la Torre, A., Chang, J., Shi, M., Patthey, L., Balakrishnan, G., Hofmann, P., Arita, R., Nagaosa, N., & Baumberger, F.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2012-10-23
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1159-1159
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127632055
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 49
- FWCI
- 12.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
