Population structure, differential bias and genomic control in a large-scale, case-control association study
Abstract
The main problems in drawing causal inferences from epidemiological case-control studies are confounding by unmeasured extraneous factors, selection bias and differential misclassification of exposure. In genetics the first of these, in the form of population structure, has dominated recent debate. Population structure explained part of the significant +11.2% inflation of test statistics we observed in an analysis of 6,322 nonsynonymous SNPs in 816 cases of type 1 diabetes and 877 population-based controls from Great Britain. The remainder of the inflation resulted from differential bias in genotype scoring between case and control DNA samples, which originated from two laboratories, causing false-positive associations. To avoid excluding SNPs and losing valuable information, we extended the genomic control method by applying a variable downweighting to each SNP.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Stringent QC filters were applied separately to each of the 8 groups to remove poorly performing samples.
“As we used genotype data from multiple sources, it was important to apply stringent QC filters, as differential genotyping error rates between groups could result in spurious associations when the data are combined 50, 51.These filters were applied separately to each of these 8 groups to remove poorly performing samples using tools implemented in PLINK v1.0552.”
From Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and PICALM associated with Alzheimer's disease (2009) · cites this paper as [51]
Cites
The International HapMap Project
†The International HapMap Consortium, Genotyping centres: Baylor College of Medicine and ParAllele BioScience, Gibbs, R. A., Belmont, J. W., Hardenbol, P., Willis, T. D., Yu, F., Chinese HapMap Consortium, Yang, H., Ch'ang, L.-Y., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02168 · Cited by 6,057 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic Control for Association Studies
Devlin, B., & Roeder, K. (1999) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00997.x · Cited by 3,162 · see citing works
The effects of human population structure on large genetic association studies
Marchini, J., Cardon, L. R., Phillips, M. S., & Donnelly, P. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1337 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089 · see citing works
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1847 · Cited by 10,248 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Management Committee, Burton, P. R., Clayton, D. G., Cardon, L. R., Craddock, N., Deloukas, P., Duncanson, A., Kwiatkowski, D. P., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05911 · Cited by 9,442 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulation Structure and Eigenanalysis
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190 · Cited by 5,280 · see citing works
Harold, D., Abraham, R., Hollingworth, P., Sims, R., Gerrish, A., Hamshere, M. L., Pahwa, J. S., Moskvina, V., Dowzell, K., Williams, A., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.440 · Cited by 3,326 · see citing works
A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes
Sladek, R., Rocheleau, G., Rung, J., Dina, C., Shen, L., Serre, D., Boutin, P., Vincent, D., Belisle, A., Hadjadj, S., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05616 · Cited by 2,993 · see citing works
Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels
Saxena, R., Voight, B. F., Lyssenko, V., Burtt, N. P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Chen, H., Roix, J. J., Kathiresan, S., Hirschhorn, J. N., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1142358 · Cited by 2,843 · see citing works
Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges
McCarthy, M. I., Abecasis, G. R., Cardon, L. R., Goldstein, D. B., Little, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2344 · Cited by 2,891 · see citing works
A new multipoint method for genome-wide association studies by imputation of genotypes
Marchini, J., Howie, B., Myers, S., McVean, G., & Donnelly, P. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2088 · Cited by 2,609 · see citing works
Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease
the NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium, Barrett, J. C., the Belgian-French IBD Consortium, the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Hansoul, S., Nicolae, D. L., Cho, J. H., Duerr, R. H., Rioux, J. D., Brant, S. R., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.175 · Cited by 2,593 · see citing works
Browning, B. L., & Browning, S. R. (2009) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.01.005 · Cited by 1,640 · see citing works
Genomewide Association Studies and Assessment of the Risk of Disease
Manolio, T. A. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0905980 · Cited by 1,512 · see citing works
Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes
Finland, G. O. T. 1. D. I., Todd, J. A., the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Walker, N. M., Cooper, J. D., Smyth, D. J., Downes, K., Plagnol, V., Bailey, R., Nejentsev, S., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2068 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Mapping in Human Disease
Altshuler, D., Daly, M. J., & Lander, E. S. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1156409 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
Data quality control in genetic case-control association studies
Anderson, C. A., Pettersson, F. H., Clarke, G. M., Cardon, L. R., Morris, A. P., & Zondervan, K. T. (2010) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.116 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, & The Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium (TASC) (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2007.17 · Cited by 1,374 · see citing works
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08979 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Korn, J. M., Kuruvilla, F. G., McCarroll, S. A., Wysoker, A., Nemesh, J., Cawley, S., Hubbell, E., Veitch, J., Collins, P. J., Darvishi, K., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.237 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Little, J., Higgins, J. P. T., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Moher, D., Gagnon, F., von Elm, E., Khoury, M. J., Cohen, B., Davey-Smith, G., Grimshaw, J., et al. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000022 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Meta-analysis methods for genome-wide association studies and beyond
Evangelou, E., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3472 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Copy-number variation and association studies of human disease
McCarroll, S. A., & Altshuler, D. M. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2080 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Partitioning Heritability of Regulatory and Cell-Type-Specific Variants across 11 Common Diseases
Gusev, A., Lee, S. H., Trynka, G., Finucane, H., Vilhjálmsson, B. J., Xu, H., Zang, C., Ripke, S., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Stahl, E., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.004 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Practical aspects of imputation-driven meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies
de Bakker, P. I. W., Ferreira, M. A. R., Jia, X., Neale, B. M., Raychaudhuri, S., & Voight, B. F. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn288 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Differential confounding of rare and common variants in spatially structured populations
Mathieson, I., & McVean, G. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.1074 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Exome sequencing and the genetic basis of complex traits
Kiezun, A., Garimella, K., Do, R., Stitziel, N. O., Neale, B. M., McLaren, P. J., Gupta, N., Sklar, P., Sullivan, P. F., Moran, J. L., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2303 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Discerning the ancestry of European Americans in genetic association studies
Price, A. L., Butler, J., Patterson, N., Capelli, C., Pascali, V. L., Scarnicci, F., Ruiz-Linares, A., Groop, L., Saetta, A. A., Korkolopoulou, P., et al. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030236 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Cooper, J. D., Smyth, D. J., Walker, N. M., Stevens, H., Burren, O. S., Wallace, C., Greissl, C., Ramos-Lopez, E., Hyppönen, E., Dunger, D. B., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1656 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis and application of European genetic substructure using 300 K SNP information
Tian, C., Plenge, R. M., Ransom, M., Lee, A., Villoslada, P., Selmi, C., Klareskog, L., Pulver, A. E., Qi, L., Gregersen, P. K., et al. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040004 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Craddock, N., Owen, M. J., & O'Donovan, M. C. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001808 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Genomic copy number variation, human health, and disease
Wain, L. V., Armour, J. A., & Tobin, M. D. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60249-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Unraveling the Genetics of Human Obesity
Mutch, D. M., & Clément, K. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020188 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Progress and promise in understanding the genetic basis of common diseases
Price, A. L., Spencer, C. C. A., & Donnelly, P. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1684 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Statistical methods to detect pleiotropy in human complex traits
Hackinger, S., & Zeggini, E. (2017) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.170125 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Moskvina, V., Craddock, N., Holmans, P., Owen, M. J., & O’Donovan, M. C. (2006) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000092553 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Vijayakrishnan, J., Studd, J., Broderick, P., Kinnersley, B., Holroyd, A., Law, P. J., Kumar, R., Allan, J. M., Harrison, C. J., Moorman, A. V., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03178-z · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Group additive regression models for genomic data analysis
Luan, Y., & Li, H. (2008) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxm015 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clayton, D. G., Walker, N. M., Smyth, D. J., Pask, R., Cooper, J. D., Maier, L. M., Smink, L. J., Lam, A. C., Ovington, N. R., Stevens, H. E., Nutland, S., Howson, J. M. M., Faham, M., Moorhead, M., Jones, H. B., Falkowski, M., Hardenbol, P., Willis, T. D., & Todd, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Clayton, David G
- Todd, John A
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2005-10-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1243-1246
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- OpenAlex
- W2039608769
- Cited by
- 526
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 29.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- population structure, genomic control, type 1 diabetes, non-synonymous SNPs, case-control association, false positive association, confounding
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, DNA, False Positive Reactions, Genetics, Population, Genotype, United Kingdom, Humans, Lymphocytes, Models, Genetic, Bias, Case-Control Studies, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
