The DOI matches its Crossref record; 150 of the 150 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences and stress across the lifespan
Open accessAbstract
Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex chromosomes. As stress dysregulation is the most common feature across neuropsychiatric diseases, sex differences in how these pathways develop and mature may predict sex-specific periods of vulnerability to disruption and increased disease risk or resilience across the lifespan. The aging brain is also at risk to the effects of stress, where the rapid decline of gonadal hormones in women combined with cellular aging processes promote sex biases in stress dysregulation. In this Review, we discuss potential underlying mechanisms driving sex differences in stress responses and their relevance to disease. Although stress is involved in a much broader range of diseases than neuropsychiatric ones, we highlight here this area and its examples across the lifespan.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the mechanisms to cope with stressors differ between males and females”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Bale & Epperson, 2015
In the citing paper
“Both adolescence and the perinatal period are times of increased risk of the emergence of mental health problems.92”
From The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Vale, W., Spiess, J., Rivier, C., & Rivier, J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6267699 · Cited by 3,965
Vale, W., Spiess, J., RIVIER, C. L., & Rivier, J. (1982) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-198205000-00013 · Cited by 3,904
Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01157-x · Cited by 2,791
Meaney, M. J. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161 · Cited by 2,708
Epidemiology of women and depression
Kessler, R. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00426-3 · Cited by 2,006
Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review
Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009 · Cited by 1,624
The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
Arborelius, L., Owens, M., Plotsky, P., & Nemeroff, C. (1999) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1600001 · Cited by 1,378
Pfefferbaum, A., Mathalon, D. H., Sullivan, E. V., Rawles, J. M., Zipursky, R. B., & Lim, K. O. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540210046012 · Cited by 1,363
The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., Miller, L. A., Pinto-Martin, J., Reaven, J., et al. (2007) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007 · Cited by 1,228
Epigenetic transmission of the impact of early stress across generations
Franklin, T. B., Russig, H., Weiss, I. C., Gräff, J., Linder, N., Michalon, A., Vizi, S., & Mansuy, I. M. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.036 · Cited by 1,125
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0 · Cited by 2,001
Self-citationLund, C., Brooke-Sumner, C., Baingana, F., Baron, E. C., Breuer, E., Chandra, P., Haushofer, J., Herrman, H., Jordans, M., Kieling, C., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30060-9 · Cited by 1,147
Oyola, M. G., & Handa, R. J. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1369523 · Cited by 710
“Moreover, the mechanisms to cope with stressors differ between males and females (Bale & Epperson, 2015).”
BackgroundSex differences, gender and addiction
Becker, J. B., McClellan, M. L., & Reed, B. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23963 · Cited by 570
Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk
Cohen, S., Murphy, M. L. M., & Prather, A. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 · Cited by 531
Metadata
- Authors
- Bale, T. L., & Epperson, C. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bale, Tracy L
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-09-25
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1413-1420
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC4620712
- OpenAlex
- W1734948187
- Cited by
- 751
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 44
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh091258-05)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG048839, AG048839)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH099910, R37MH108286, MH087597, MH 104184, MH 091258, MH099910, R01MH073030, MH 073030, R33MH104184, MH 108286, R01 MH-091258, R21MH104184, R01MH087597)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA037289, DA030301, K24DA030301)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- sex differences, stress, stress dysregulation, lifespan development, gonadal hormones, organizational effects, activational effects, sex chromosomes, neuropsychiatric disorders, resilience, brain aging, cellular aging
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Brain, Female, Humans, Longevity, Male, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
