The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 109 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
Abstract
The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. A developmental clock, along with permissive signals that provide information on somatic growth, energy balance and season, time the awakening of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons at the onset of puberty. High-frequency GnRH release results from disinhibition and activation of GnRH neurons at puberty onset, leading to gametogenesis and an increase in gonadal steroid hormone secretion. Steroid hormones, in turn, both remodel and activate neural circuits during adolescent brain development, leading to the development of sexual salience of sensory stimuli, sexual motivation, and expression of copulatory behaviors in specific social contexts. These influences of hormones on reproductive behavior depend in part on changes in the adolescent brain that occur independently of gonadal maturation. Reproductive maturity is therefore the product of developmentally timed, brain-driven and recurrent interactions between steroid hormones and the adolescent nervous system.
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In the citing paper
“animal studies indicate that increases in reward-seeking are coincident with pubertal maturation”
From A dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“The results for selfreported pubertal changes concur with prior research on pubertal development showing that puberty starts earlier in girls than boys (Carskadon and Acebo, 1993;Sisk and Foster, 2004;Shirtcliff et al., 2009).”
From Longitudinal Changes in Adolescent Risk-Taking: A Comprehensive Study of Neural Responses to Rewards, Pubertal Development, and Risk-Taking Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as Sisk and Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“that some are indirectly attributable to them (in that the presence of gonadal hormones may catalyze other processes)”
From A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“that some are merely coincident with them, perhaps programmed to unfold along a developmental schedule established long before adolescence”
From A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“Animal studies suggest that some of the changes in dopaminergic activity are directly attributable to the hormonal changes of puberty”
From A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“These processes of restructuring in the pubertal brain are argued to be driven by hormonal changes (Sisk and Foster 2004;Sisk and Zehr 2005;Schulz et al. 2009) and to carry functional consequences on higher order brain functions such as executive functions and social cognition”
From Developmental Changes in Organization of Structural Brain Networks (2013) · cites this paper as Sisk and Foster 2004
In the citing paper
“Sexual behavior develops according to a species-specific, genetically controlled, maturational plan in which the age at first reproduction occurs within a specific age range (87).”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [87]
In the citing paper
“Traditionally, puberty is defined as the process leading to the attainment of sexual maturation [181], beginning with the activation of the HPG axis, and ending with reproductive competency [153, 178].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [178]
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Donaldson, S. H., & Mills, K. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843290.003.0004 · Cited by 4
Safron, A., & Klimaj, V. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_16 · Cited by 4
Harding, S. M., Mollé, N., Reyes-Fondeur, L., & Karanian, J. M. (2016) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.08.004 · Cited by 3
Exploring Dynamics and Noise in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Signaling
Voliotis, M., Garner, K., Alobaid, H. M., Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. T., & McArdle, C. A. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8618-7_19 · Cited by 4
Age of Menarche, Adolescent Sexual Intercourse and Schooling Attainment of Women
Huang, J., Groot, W. N. J., Sessions, J. G., & Tseng, Y. (2019) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12284 · Cited by 4
“Menarche occurs at a relatively late stage in the female pubertal process that is driven by hormone change (Palmert and Boepple, 2001; Sisk and Foster, 2004).”
BackgroundMenarcheal age among urban Kenyan primary school girls
Ogeng’o, D. N., Obimbo, M., & Ogeng’o, J. A. (2011) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02152.x · Cited by 4
Conceptos actuales sobre mecanismos reguladores de la pubertad
Ruiz-Mejía, A. F., & Mockus, I. (2012) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · Cited by 4
Schmidt, B. L., Santos, M. J., Cariaga-Martínez, A. E., Hill, L., Barloese, M. C. J., & Hall, Z. J. (2017) · Cited by 4
The effects of gastrointestinal symptoms on structural grey matter volume in youth
Pirwani, A. F., Fang, Z., Li, B., Smith, A., Northoff, G., & Ismail, N. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.10044 · Cited by 3
“The influx of gonadal steroid hormones during this period induces rapid physiological changes as well as significant brain reorganization and remodelling (Levitt, 2003; Sisk & Foster, 2004; Sisk & Zehr, 2005).”
BackgroundExperiments of Nature — A Glimpse into the Mysteries of the Pubertal Clock
Bhasin, S. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme078145 · Cited by 4
Treatment of Adolescents Who Have Sexually Offended
Worling, J. R., & Langton, C. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118574003.wattso057 · Cited by 4
Shi, R., Xiang, S., Jia, T., Robbins, T. W., Kang, J., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L. W., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.23295841 · Cited by 4
“Most efforts have been devoted to study the functional circuitry and structural composition of the brain and their associations with mental health disorders at the population level 1,20-25 .”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine plasticity and crosstalk in pubertal development
Elias, C. F., Han, X., García-Galiano, D., & de Miera, C. S. (2026) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70145 · Cited by 3
Kraus, S., Trillmich, F., & Guenther, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00178 · Cited by 3
“In altricial species, the young are born after a short gestation and much of the development (neural, physiological) occurs after birth (Blumberg and Sokoloff, 1998; Sisk and Foster, 2004; Sisk and Zehr, 2005).”
BackgroundZhou, L., Chen, T., Wang, Y., Fu, Y., Xie, X., Liu, X., Chen, W., Yan, Z., & Liu, P. (2020) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1763342 · Cited by 3
“The remodeling of the adolescent brain is accomplished through a variety of mechanisms, including progressive events such as increases in cell number, dendritic elaboration and axonal sprouting, and regressive events like apoptosis and synaptic pruning [41].”
BackgroundImmune signaling in sex-specific neural and behavioral development: Adolescent opportunity
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Tartagni, M. V., & Graziottin, A. (2023) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2023.2216326 · Cited by 3
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“Puberty is also characterized by sexual maturation (Sisk and Foster, 2004).”
BackgroundWinters, D. E., Dugre, J. R., Sakai, J. T., & Carter, R. (2025) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.111971 · Cited by 3
Huo, M., & Ning, B. (2025) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.70008 · Cited by 3
da Silva, D. G., Moura, K. F., de Souza, A. C., da Silva, K. G. N., Vidigal, C. B., Jezuíno, J. D. S., Gravena, R. C., Pelosi, G. G., Gerardin, D. C. C., Franco, M. D. C., et al. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121819 · Cited by 3
Environmental Enrichment Cage for Laboratory Mice: A Downloadable Alternative
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“Exposure to stressors can cause enduring neural and behavioral alterations (Kane & Is-mail, 2017; Laroche et al., 2009a, 2009b; Sisk & Foster, 2004).”
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Adolescent and Adult Age Differences in Palatable Food Learning and Consumption
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Sexual differentiation and the development of gender identity
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The relationship between puberty and social emotion processing
Goddings, A., Heyes, S. B., Klapwijk, E. T., Bird, G., Viner, R., & Blakemore, S. (2012) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-301885.151 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Sisk, C. L., & Foster, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sisk, Cheryl L
- ORCID
- Sisk, Cheryl L
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-09-27
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1040-1047
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2094109313
- Cited by
- 1,085
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- puberty, adolescence, GnRH neurons, steroid hormones, adolescent brain development, sexual motivation, sexual behavior, reproductive maturation, neural circuits, gonadal maturation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Biological Clocks, Brain, Gonads, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Puberty, Sexual Behavior, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Maturation
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