The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 109 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
Abstract
The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. A developmental clock, along with permissive signals that provide information on somatic growth, energy balance and season, time the awakening of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons at the onset of puberty. High-frequency GnRH release results from disinhibition and activation of GnRH neurons at puberty onset, leading to gametogenesis and an increase in gonadal steroid hormone secretion. Steroid hormones, in turn, both remodel and activate neural circuits during adolescent brain development, leading to the development of sexual salience of sensory stimuli, sexual motivation, and expression of copulatory behaviors in specific social contexts. These influences of hormones on reproductive behavior depend in part on changes in the adolescent brain that occur independently of gonadal maturation. Reproductive maturity is therefore the product of developmentally timed, brain-driven and recurrent interactions between steroid hormones and the adolescent nervous system.
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In the citing paper
“animal studies indicate that increases in reward-seeking are coincident with pubertal maturation”
From A dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“The results for selfreported pubertal changes concur with prior research on pubertal development showing that puberty starts earlier in girls than boys (Carskadon and Acebo, 1993;Sisk and Foster, 2004;Shirtcliff et al., 2009).”
From Longitudinal Changes in Adolescent Risk-Taking: A Comprehensive Study of Neural Responses to Rewards, Pubertal Development, and Risk-Taking Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as Sisk and Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“that some are indirectly attributable to them (in that the presence of gonadal hormones may catalyze other processes)”
From A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“that some are merely coincident with them, perhaps programmed to unfold along a developmental schedule established long before adolescence”
From A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“Animal studies suggest that some of the changes in dopaminergic activity are directly attributable to the hormonal changes of puberty”
From A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development (2010) · cites this paper as Sisk & Foster, 2004
In the citing paper
“These processes of restructuring in the pubertal brain are argued to be driven by hormonal changes (Sisk and Foster 2004;Sisk and Zehr 2005;Schulz et al. 2009) and to carry functional consequences on higher order brain functions such as executive functions and social cognition”
From Developmental Changes in Organization of Structural Brain Networks (2013) · cites this paper as Sisk and Foster 2004
In the citing paper
“Sexual behavior develops according to a species-specific, genetically controlled, maturational plan in which the age at first reproduction occurs within a specific age range (87).”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [87]
In the citing paper
“Traditionally, puberty is defined as the process leading to the attainment of sexual maturation [181], beginning with the activation of the HPG axis, and ending with reproductive competency [153, 178].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [178]
Citations
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“…of puberty is controlled by awakening of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which start to release GnRH in a pulsatile manner, leading to activation of GnRHdependent hypothalamic–pituitary– gonadal axis, gametogenesis, and increase in gonadal steroid production (Sisk and Foster, 2004).”
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BackgroundKamal, M., Al-Shibli, S. I., Shahbal, S., & Yadav, S. K. (2021) · Qatar medical journal · doi:10.5339/qmj.2021.11 · Cited by 8
Lund, C. I., Rosseland, L. A., Steingrímsdóttir, Ó. A., Engdahl, B., Stubhaug, A., Furberg, A., & Nielsen, C. S. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003333 · Cited by 8
“9,50 At puberty, girls typically experience menarche between ages 9 and 18 years 15 ; this stage is characterised by elevated levels of estradiol and profound changes in the brain and body from childhood to puberty 23,41 (please see earlier reviews 6,14,48 ).”
Endocrine Disruptors and The Developing Brain
Gore, A. C., & Dickerson, S. M. (2012) · Colloquium Series on The Developing Brain · doi:10.4199/c00054ed1v01y201204dbr007 · Cited by 8
Naugle, M. M., & Gore, A. C. (2014) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000369820 · Cited by 8
Roy, A. K., Singh, M., Kumar, P., & Kumar, B. S. B. (2016) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.216-221 · Cited by 8
Media use and brain development during adolescence
Crone, E. A., & Konijn, E. A. (2018) · Yearbook of pediatric endocrinology · doi:10.1530/ey.15.7.4 · Cited by 9
Harrison, N. A., Earley, R. L., & Salekin, R. T. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13694 · Cited by 8
Rapid Assessment of Insect Steroid Hormone Entry Into Cultured Cells
Masterson, M., Bittar, R., Chu, H. X., Yamanaka, N., & Haga‐Yamanaka, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.816058 · Cited by 7
“They not only regulate physiological processes including immune response and sexual maturation (Sapolsky et al., 2000; Sisk and Foster, 2004; Rhen and Cidlowski, 2005; Wilson and Davies, 2007; Oakley and Cidlowski, 2011; Sakiani et al., 2013), but also affect pathological processes such as cancer progression (Clemons…”
BackgroundOliveras, I., Soria-Ruiz, O. J., Sampedro-Viana, D., Cañete, T., Río-Álamos, C., Tobeña, A., & Fernández‐Teruel, A. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114021 · Cited by 10
Effects of sex hormone rescue on gametogenesis in allotriploid crucian carp
Wang, J., Wang, W., Li, J., Luo, Z.-Y., Li, Z., Chai, M., Xiang, C., Luo, K., Zhao, R., & Liu, S. (2022) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738645 · Cited by 8
Sexual Aggression: The Dark Side of Sexuality in Relationships
Christopher, F. S., & Pflieger, J. C. (2007) · Annual Review of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/10532528.2007.10559849 · Cited by 8
“Emerging research on neural pathway reorganization during adolescence contributes to our speculation (Sisk & Foster , 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmerging gender differences in times of multiple transitions
Symonds, J. E., Galton, M. J., & Hargreaves, L. M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139128933.007 · Cited by 8
Early undernutrition decreases the number of neurons in the locus coeruleus of rats
Pinos, H., Collado, P., Salas, M., & Pérez-Torrero, E. (2006) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/10284150600937873 · Cited by 8
Early Experience and Incentive Relativity in Adulthood
Cuenya, L., Kamenetzky, G., & Mustaca, A. E. (2014) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2014.27.03.03 · Cited by 9
Emmerson, M. G., & Spencer, K. A. (2017) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.008 · Cited by 8
Insular Risk Processing Predicts Alcohol Use Via Externalizing Pathway in Male Adolescents
Elder, J., Brieant, A. E., Lauharatanahirun, N., King‐Casas, B., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2019) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2019.80.602 · Cited by 8
“Existing literature suggests gender differences in externalizing symptomatology (Kramer et al., 2008) and alcohol use (Becker et al., 2012), as well as in neurobiological development throughout adolescence (Sisk & Foster, 2004).”
BackgroundAbreu, L. G., Corradi‐Dias, L., dos Santos, T. R., Melgaço, C. A., Lages, E. M. B., & Paiva, S. M. (2020) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.12630 · Cited by 8
Shearrer, G. E., Sadler, J. R., Papantoni, A., & Burger, K. S. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12891 · Cited by 9
Leiding, D. V., Kaiser, F., Steffens, M., Puiu, A. A., & Habel, U. (2021) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21981 · Cited by 9
Puberté, fertilité et maladies chroniques
Thébaut, A., Amouyal, M., Besançon, A., Collet, M., Selbonne, E., Valentin, C., Vonthron, M., Zakariya, M., & Linglart, A. (2013) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2013.03.015 · Cited by 8
Song, A., Jiang, S., Wang, Q., Zou, J., Lin, Z., & Gao, X. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1750 · Cited by 8
“for the initiation of puberty and the maintenance of the female reproductive cycle (2, 9, 10).”
BackgroundThe probabilistic epigenesis of knowledge
Dixon, J. A., & Kelley, E. A. (2006) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(06)80011-x · Cited by 8
Expression and localisation of TRPC channels in immortalised GnRH neurons
Dalmazzo, S., Antoniotti, S., Ariano, P., Gilardino, A., & Lovisolo, D. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.019 · Cited by 8
Guarraci, F. A., Holifield, C., Morales-Valenzuela, J., Greene, K., Brown, J., Lopez, R., Crandall, C., Gibbs, N., Vela, R., Delgado, M. Y., et al. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.003 · Cited by 8
“Future research is needed to assess effects of MPH on the development of reward pathways, such as dopamine receptor binding (Crawford et al., 2007) aswell as neuroendocrine circuits (Sisk and Foster, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialModelling KNDy neurons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generation
Plain, Z., Voliotis, M., McArdle, C. A., & Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. T. (2022) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100407 · Cited by 7
Hormonal contraceptives during adolescence impact the female brain and behavior in a rat model
Gilfarb, R. A., Ranade, S., Smail, M. A., Wangler, L. M., Stewart, M., Rajesh, A., Lenz, K. M., & Leuner, B. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105725 · Cited by 7
“Analysis was performed in the hypothalamus and mPFC, as they are brain regions that are sensitive to changes in ovarian hormones and that mature during adolescence (Sisk and Foster, 2004; Herbison, 2016; Juraska, 2024).”
Frapin, M., Quispe, L., Troka, J., Prokkola, J. M., Laurikainen, O., Hyvärinen, P., Primmer, C. R., Aykanat, T., & Ahi, E. P. (2026) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.70230 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role in sexual maturation by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone, influencing the onset of puberty and reproductive capacity (Sisk and Foster 2004).”
Xu, L.-N., Li, H., Liu, S., Jiang, J., Liu, Y., Cheng, H. M., Yu, Y., Cao, J.-M., & Zhang, P. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113723 · Cited by 7
Bhattarai, P., Rijal, S., Bhattarai, J. P., Cho, D. H., & Han, S. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1059255 · Cited by 7
“Blood-borne LH and FSH are essential for normal gametogenesis and fertility in both males and females (20).”
BackgroundSaucedo-Cuevas, L. P., Ivanova, E., Herta, A.-C., Krueger, F., Billooye, K., Smitz, J. E. J., Kelsey, G., & Anckaert, E. (2023) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-023-01421-z · Cited by 7
“Puberty is characterized by a drastic shift in neuroendocrine signaling and physical transformations [18], which are mirrored by changes in DNA methylation patterns in peripheral blood [19].”
BackgroundPuliyanda, D. P., Barday, Z., Barday, Z. A., Freedman, A. L., Todo, T., Chen, A. K. C., & Davidson, B. J. (2023) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2023.151442 · Cited by 7
Neural tracking of social hierarchies in adolescents’ real-world social networks
Dai, J., Jorgensen, N. A., Duell, N., Capella, J., Maza, M. T., Kwon, S., Prinstein, M. J., Lindquist, K. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsad064 · Cited by 8
“Importantly, the function of these systems undergoes significant reorganization during adolescence (for review, Sisk and Foster, 2004; Foulkes and Blake-more, 2018), which corresponds to the timeframe during which youths become highly sensitive to peer contexts (for review, Casey et al. , 2008;…”
BackgroundNeuronal E93 is required for adaptation to adult metabolism and behavior
Yip, C., Wyler, S. C., Liang, K., Yamazaki, S., Cobb, T., Safdar, M., Metai, A., Merchant, W., Wessells, R. J., Rothenfluh, A., et al. (2024) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101939 · Cited by 9
“In fact, the nervous system undergoes dramatic rewiring via steroid hormones during adolescence in many animals to switch the focus from growth to reproduction [85,86].”
BackgroundCastro-González, D., Fuente-Martín, E., Sanchez-Garrido, M. A., Argente-Arizón, P., Tena‐Sempere, M., Barrios, V., Chowen, J. A., & Argente, J. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1759 · Cited by 7
Chromosomal and Endocrinological Origins of Sex
Kinsley, C. H., Bardi, M., Neigh, G. N., & Lambert, K. G. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802388-4.00002-1 · Cited by 7
A Developmental Eye Tracking Investigation of Cued Task Switching Performance
Zheng, A., & Church, J. A. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13478 · Cited by 7
“…during adolescence when EFs are maturing will be important in understanding the mechanisms underlying (a)typical development, as well as the opportunities for developmental trajectories to be altered during this critical developmental stage (Blakemore, Burnett, & Dahl, 2010; Sisk & Foster, 2004).”
BackgroundRaj, V., Nair, A., & Thekkuveettil, A. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.073 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Sisk, C. L., & Foster, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sisk, Cheryl L
- ORCID
- Sisk, Cheryl L
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-09-27
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1040-1047
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2094109313
- Cited by
- 1,085
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- puberty, adolescence, GnRH neurons, steroid hormones, adolescent brain development, sexual motivation, sexual behavior, reproductive maturation, neural circuits, gonadal maturation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Biological Clocks, Brain, Gonads, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Puberty, Sexual Behavior, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Maturation
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