The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessment of Glutamate Transporter GLAST (EAAT1)-Deficient Mice for Phenotypes Relevant to the Negative and Executive/Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Glutamatergic dysfunction is increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current models postulate that dysfunction of glutamate and its receptors underlie many of the symptoms in this disease. However, the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Although elucidating the role for glutamate transporters in the disease has been limited by the absence of pharmacological tools that selectively target the transporter, we recently showed that glial glutamate and aspartate transporter (GLAST; excitatory amino-acid transporter 1) mutant mice exhibit abnormalities on behavioral measures thought to model the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, some of which were rescued by treatment with either haloperidol or the mGlu2/3 agonist, LY379268 the mGlu2/3 agonist, LY379268. To further determine the role of GLAST in schizophrenia-related behaviors we tested GLAST mutant mice on a series of behavioral paradigms associated with the negative (social withdrawal, anhedonia), sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition of startle), and executive/cognitive (discrimination learning, extinction) symptoms of schizophrenia. GLAST knockout (KO) mice showed poor nesting behavior and abnormal sociability, whereas KO and heterozygous (HET) both demonstrated lesser preference for a novel social stimulus compared to wild-type littermate controls. GLAST KO, but not HET, had a significantly reduced acoustic startle response, but no significant deficit in prepulse inhibition of startle. GLAST KO and HET showed normal sucrose preference. In an instrumental visual discrimination task, KO showed impaired learning. By contrast, acquisition and extinction of a simple instrumental response was normal. The mGlu2/3 agonist, LY379268, failed to rescue the discrimination impairment in KO mice. These findings demonstrate that gene deletion of GLAST produces select phenotypic abnormalities related to the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alterations in astrocytic glutamate clearance are known to occur in schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses, and mice with glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) deletion show phenotypic abnormalities such as mental and behavioral deficits. 90 , 91”
From Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system
Choi, D. W. (1988) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(88)90162-6 · Cited by 8,188
Krystal, J. H. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004 · Cited by 3,330
PHARMACOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS
Conn, P. J., & Pin, J. (1997) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.37.1.205 · Cited by 3,083
Rothstein, J. D., Dykes-Hoberg, M., Pardo, C. A., Bristol, L. A., Jin, L., Kuncl, R. W., Kanai, Y., Hediger, M. A., Wang, Y., Schielke, J. P., et al. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80086-0 · Cited by 2,534
Krishnan, V., Han, M.-H., Graham, D. L., Berton, O., Renthal, W., Russo, S. J., LaPlant, Q., Graham, A., Lutter, M., Lagace, D. C., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.018 · Cited by 2,307 · cited 1×
“Anhedonia was measured by preference for a sucrose solution over water, using a two-bottle free choice method as previously described (Bechtholt et al, 2008; Krishnan et al, 2007).”
MethodSchizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence
Harrison, P. J., & Weinberger, D. R. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001558 · Cited by 2,020
Rare Structural Variants Disrupt Multiple Genes in Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Schizophrenia
Walsh, T., McClellan, J. M., McCarthy, S. E., Addington, A. M., Pierce, S. B., Cooper, G. M., Nord, A. S., Kusenda, M., Malhotra, D., Bhandari, A., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1155174 · Cited by 1,800
Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia
Olney, J. W. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240016004 · Cited by 1,685
The neuropathology of schizophrenia
Harrison, P. J. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.4.593 · Cited by 1,677
Homayoun, H., & Moghaddam, B. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2213-07.2007 · Cited by 1,231
Assessing nest building in mice
Deacon, R. M. J. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.170 · Cited by 1,115
Patil, S. T., Zhang, L., Martenyi, F., Lowe, S. L., Jackson, K. A., Andreev, B. V., Avedisova, A. S., Bardenstein, L. M., Gurovich, I. Y., Morozova, M. A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1632 · Cited by 1,040
NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia
Olney, J. W., Newcomer, J. W., & Farber, N. B. (1999) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(99)00029-1 · Cited by 1,020
Reversal of Phencyclidine Effects by a Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist in Rats
Moghaddam, B., & Adams, B. W. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1349 · Cited by 1,006
Glutamate and Schizophrenia: Beyond the Dopamine Hypothesis
Coyle, J. T. (2006) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-006-9062-8 · Cited by 917
Autism‐like behavioral phenotypes in BTBR T+tf/J mice
McFarlane, H. G., Kusek, G. K., Yang, M., Phoenix, J. L., Bolivar, V. J., & Crawley, J. N. (2008) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00330.x · Cited by 812
Malhotra, A. K. (1997) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(97)00036-5 · Cited by 681
Ketamine-Induced NMDA Receptor Hypofunction as a Model of Memory Impairment and Psychosis
Newcomer, J. W. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00067-0 · Cited by 611
Crawley, J. N., & Paylor, R. E. (1997) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1997.1382 · Cited by 555
Mouse Behavioral Assays Relevant to the Symptoms of Autism*
Crawley, J. N. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00096.x · Cited by 541 · cited 3×
“A food burying test was conducted as a control test for potential deficits in general olfactory function that could potentially confound measurement of social behavior (Crawley, 2007).”
MethodConditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia
Miyakawa, T., Leiter, L. M., Gerber, D. J., Gainetdinov, R. R., Sotnikova, T. D., Zeng, H., Caron, M. G., & Tonegawa, S. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1432926100 · Cited by 489
Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia
Butler, P. D., Silverstein, S. M., & Dakin, S. C. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.023 · Cited by 472
Social interaction and sensorimotor gating abnormalities in mice lacking Dvl1
Lijam, N., Paylor, R., McDonald, M. P., Crawley, J. N., Deng, C.-X., Herrup, K., Stevens, K. E., Maccaferri, G., McBain, C. J., Sussman, D. J., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80354-2 · Cited by 470
Lorrain, D. S., Baccei, C. S., Bristow, L. J., Anderson, J. J., & Varney, M. A. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00652-8 · Cited by 432
Jackson, M. E., Homayoun, H., & Moghaddam, B. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0308455101 · Cited by 430
Hikida, T., Jaaro-Peled, H., Seshadri, S., Oishi, K., Hookway, C., Kong, S., Wu, D., Xue, R., Andradé, M., Tankou, S. K., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704774104 · Cited by 424
Motor discoordination and increased susceptibility to cerebellar injury in GLAST mutant mice
Watase, K., Hashimoto, K., Kano, M., Yamada, K., Watanabe, M., Inoue, Y., Okuyama, S., Sakagawa, T., Ogawa, S., Kawashima, N., et al. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00108.x · Cited by 408
Self-citationMillstein, R. A., & Holmes, A. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.05.003 · Cited by 406
Self-citationSchizophrenia-Relevant Behavioral Testing in Rodent Models: A Uniquely Human Disorder?
Powell, C. M., & Miyakawa, T. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.008 · Cited by 381
Adler, C. M., Malhotra, A. K., Elman, I., Goldberg, T. E., Egan, M. F., Pickar, D., & Breier, A. F. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.10.1646 · Cited by 337
The potential role of glutamate transporters in the pathogenesis of normal tension glaucoma
Harada, T., Harada, C., Nakamura, K., Quah, H.-M. A., Okumura, A., Namekata, K., Saeki, T., Aihara, M., Yoshida, H., Mitani, A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci30178 · Cited by 329
Self-citationPathophysiologically based treatment interventions in schizophrenia
Lewis, D. A., & González‐Burgos, G. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1478 · Cited by 324
Regan, M. R., Huang, Y. H., Kim, Y., Dykes‐Hoberg, M., Jin, L., Watkins, A. M., Bergles, D. E., & Rothstein, J. D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0790-07.2007 · Cited by 314
Bussey, T. J., Muir, J. L., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.111.5.920 · Cited by 311
Self-citationModeling madness in mice: one piece at a time
Arguello, P. A., & Gogos, J. A. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.023 · Cited by 309
Voutsinos‐Porche, B., Bonvento, G., Tanaka, K., Steiner, P., Welker, E., Chatton, J., Magistretti, P. J., & Pellerin, L. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01170-4 · Cited by 293
Self-citationMouse genetic models for prepulse inhibition: an early review
Geyer, M. A., McIlwain, K. L., & Paylor, R. E. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001159 · Cited by 289
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Function and Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Ranganath, C., Minzenberg, M., & Ragland, J. D. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.011 · Cited by 269
Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease
Holmes, A. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.006 · Cited by 264
Self-citationHefner, K. R., Whittle, N., Juhasz, J., Norcross, M. A., Karlsson, R., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J., Singewald, N., & Holmes, A. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4904-07.2008 · Cited by 256
Self-citationFunctions of the two glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 in the retina
Harada, T., Harada, C., Watanabe, M., Inoue, Y., Sakagawa, T., Nakayama, N., Sasaki, S., Okuyama, S., Watase, K., Wada, K., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.8.4663 · Cited by 250
Self-citationBoyce‐Rustay, J. M., & Holmes, A. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301039 · Cited by 212
Self-citationLiechti, M. E., Lhuillier, L., Kaupmann, K., & Markou, A. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1766-07.2007 · Cited by 193
Smith, R. E., Haroutunian, V. H., Davis, K. L., & Meador‐Woodruff, J. H. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1393 · Cited by 190
Mccullumsmith, R., & Meador-Woodruff, J. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00370-0 · Cited by 189
Wiedholz, L. M., Owens, W. A., Horton, R. E., Feyder, M. J., Karlsson, R.-M., Hefner, K. R., Sprengel, R., Celikel, T., Daws, L. C., & Holmes, A. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002056 · Cited by 180
Self-citationCarter, C. S., Barch, D. M., Buchanan, R. W., Bullmore, E. T., Krystal, J. H., Cohen, J. D., Geyer, M. A., Green, M. M., Nuechterlein, K. H., Robbins, T. W., et al. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.020 · Cited by 174
Gubellini, P., Pisani, A., Centonze, D., Bernardi, G., & Calabresi, P. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.005 · Cited by 170
Kargieman, L., Santana, N., Mengod, G., Celada, P., & Artigas, F. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704848104 · Cited by 166
Impaired discrimination learning in mice lacking the NMDA receptor NR2A subunitPreprint
Brigman, J. L., Feyder, M. J., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J., Mishina, M., & Holmes, A. (2008) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.777308 · Cited by 158
Self-citationExacerbation of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice Lacking the Glutamate Transporter GLAST
Hakuba, N., Koga, K., Gyo, K., Usami, S., & Tanaka, K. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-23-08750.2000 · Cited by 155
Self-citationGlutamate and monoamine transporters: new visions of form and function
Torres, G. E., & Amara, S. (2007) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.05.002 · Cited by 144
Effects of NMDA Receptor Antagonists: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia
Krystal, J. H., Anand, A., & Moghaddam, B. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.7.663 · Cited by 128
Indispensability of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1 to brain development
Matsugami, T. R., Tanemura, K., Mieda, M., Nakatomi, R., Yamada, K., Kondo, T., Ogawa, M., Obata, K., Watanabe, M., Hashikawa, T., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509144103 · Cited by 123
Self-citationIzquierdo, A., Wiedholz, L. M., Millstein, R. A., YANG, R., Bussey, T. J., Saksida, L. M., & HOLMES, A. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.03.029 · Cited by 119
Self-citationBauer, D., Gupta, D. S., Harotunian, V., Meador‐Woodruff, J. H., & McCullumsmith, R. E. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.012 · Cited by 111
Karlsson, R., Tanaka, K., Heilig, M. A., & Holmes, A. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.001 · Cited by 100
Self-citationPossible Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Schizophrenia
Pérez‐Neri, I., Ramírez‐Bermúdez, J., Montes, S., & Rı́os, C. (2006) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-006-9162-3 · Cited by 100
Millstein, R. A., Ralph, R. J., Yang, R. J., & Holmes, A. (2006) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00172.x · Cited by 82
Self-citationDeficits in social behavior and sensorimotor gating in mice lacking phospholipase Cβ1
Koh, H. ‐., Kim, D., Lee, J., Lee, S., & Shin, H. (2007) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00351.x · Cited by 78
Cartmell, J., Monn, J. A., & Schoepp, D. D. (2000) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002109900151 · Cited by 60
Deficits in reward sensitivity in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia
Pen, G. L., Gaudet, L., Mortas, P., Mory, R., & Moreau, J. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1092-4 · Cited by 59
Glutamate Transporters Regulate Lesion-Induced Plasticity in the Developing Somatosensory Cortex
Takasaki, C., Okada, R., Mitani, A., Fukaya, M., Yamasaki, M., Fujihara, Y., Shirakawa, T., Tanaka, K., & Watanabe, M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0861-08.2008 · Cited by 57
Self-citationDeng, X., Shibata, H., Takeuchi, N., Rachi, S., Sakai, M., Ninomiya, H., Iwata, N., Ozaki, N., & Fukumaki, Y. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30351 · Cited by 49
Sucrose intake and fasting glucose levels in 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor mutant mice
Bechtholt, A. J., Smith, K. L., Gaughan, S., & Lucki, I. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.006 · Cited by 42
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. (text rev.), American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits
Der-Avakian, A., & Markou, A. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.005 · Cited by 1,130
Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment
Cui, L., Li, S., Wang, S., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Yu, W., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Xia, M., & Li, B. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y · Cited by 1,244
“90,91 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) .”
Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain
Zhou, Y., & Danbolt, N. C. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1180-8 · Cited by 1,056
The neural basis of reversal learning: An updated perspective
Izquierdo, A., Brigman, J. L., Radke, A. K., Rudebeck, P. H., & Holmes, A. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.021 · Cited by 670
Self-citationAstrocytes in human central nervous system diseases: a frontier for new therapies
Verkhratsky, A., Butt, A., Li, B., Illes, P., Zorec, R., Semyanov, A., Tang, Y., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01628-9 · Cited by 428
Metadata
- Authors
- Karlsson, R.-M., Tanaka, K., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J., Heilig, M., & Holmes, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Karlsson, Rose-Marie
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2008-12-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1578-1589
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3400972
- OpenAlex
- W2084421163
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Novartis Foundation
- Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation
- NOVARTIS Foundation (Japan) for the Promotion of Science
- Research Foundation for Opto-Science and Technology
- National Institutes of Health
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20022013, 18053006)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (ZIAAA000411)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Keywords
- GLAST, glutamate transporters, schizophrenia, negative symptoms, cognitive symptoms, prepulse inhibition, acoustic startle response, social withdrawal, anhedonia, visual discrimination learning, extinction learning, LY379268, haloperidol, knockout mice
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Animals, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Food Preferences, Learning, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Motor Activity, Phenotype, Schizophrenia, Social Behavior Disorders, Reflex, Startle, Sucrose, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
