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Gallstones

Lammert, Frank, Gurusamy, Kurinchi, Ko, Cynthia W., Miquel, Juan-Francisco, Méndez-Sánchez, Nahum, Portincasa, Piero, van Erpecum, Karel J., van Laarhoven, Cees J., Wang, David Q.-H.·2016·Nature Reviews Disease Primers
DOI 10.1038/nrdp.2016.24
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Abstract

Gallstones grow inside the gallbladder or biliary tract. These stones can be asymptomatic or symptomatic; only gallstones with symptoms or complications are defined as gallstone disease. Based on their composition, gallstones are classified into cholesterol gallstones, which represent the predominant entity, and bilirubin ('pigment') stones. Black pigment stones can be caused by chronic haemolysis; brown pigment stones typically develop in obstructed and infected bile ducts. For treatment, localization of the gallstones in the biliary tract is more relevant than composition. Overall, up to 20% of adults develop gallstones and >20% of those develop symptoms or complications. Risk factors for gallstones are female sex, age, pregnancy, physical inactivity, obesity and overnutrition. Factors involved in metabolic syndrome increase the risk of developing gallstones and form the basis of primary prevention by lifestyle changes. Common mutations in the hepatic cholesterol transporter ABCG8 confer most of the genetic risk of developing gallstones, which accounts for ∼25% of the total risk. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms, abdominal ultrasonography and liver biochemistry tests. Symptoms often precede the onset of the three common and potentially life-threatening complications of gallstones (acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis and biliary pancreatitis). Although our knowledge on the genetics and pathophysiology of gallstones has expanded recently, current treatment al…

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Metadata

Authors
Lammert, F., Gurusamy, K., Ko, C. W., Miquel, J.-F., Méndez-Sánchez, N., Portincasa, P., van Erpecum, K. J., van Laarhoven, C. J., & Wang, D. Q.-H.
Venue
Nature Reviews Disease Primers
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-04-28
Volume
2
Issue
1
ISSN
2056-676X
DOI
10.1038/nrdp.2016.24
Cited by
822
References
6
Language
en
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