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The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex – linking immunity and metabolism
Open accessAbstract
The vagus nerve has an important role in regulation of metabolic homeostasis, and efferent vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic signalling controls immune function and proinflammatory responses via the inflammatory reflex. Dysregulation of metabolism and immune function in obesity are associated with chronic inflammation, a critical step in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cholinergic mechanisms within the inflammatory reflex have, in the past 2 years, been implicated in attenuating obesity-related inflammation and metabolic complications. This knowledge has led to the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity-related disorders.
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“The inflammation-sensing and inflammation-suppressing functions outlined above provide the principal components of the inflammatory reflex (71).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“The appearance of pathogenic organisms activates innate immune cells that release cytokines. These in turn activate sensory fibers that ascend in the vagus nerve to synapse in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Increased efferent signals in the vagus nerve suppress peripheral cytokine release through macrophage nicotinic receptors and the CAIP.”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“there are both speculative (Pavlov and Tracey, 2012) and well-established (Felten, 1999) links between the autonomic and immune systems which could provide a mechanism for these results.”
From Effectiveness of a Novel Qigong Meditative Movement Practice for Impaired Health in Flight Attendants Exposed to Second-Hand Cigarette Smoke (2017) · cites this paper as Pavlov and Tracey, 2012
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pavlov, V. A., & Tracey, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pavlov, Valentin A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Published
- 2012-11-21
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 743-754
- ISSN
- 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5037
- PMC
- PMC4082307
- OpenAlex
- W1981020037
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM089807, R01GM057226)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- vagus nerve, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, obesity, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, metabolic homeostasis, immune activation, vagus nerve stimulation therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Homeostasis, Humans, Inflammation, Obesity, Reflex, Vagus Nerve, Signal Transduction, Metabolic Networks and Pathways
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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