The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex – linking immunity and metabolism

Inflammation and metabolic disorders

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Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance

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The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes

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Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease

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Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin

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Inflammatory Mechanisms in Obesity

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Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease

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The inflammatory reflex

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Modern strategies for the treatment of childhood obesity

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Heart Rate Variability Modulation Through Slow-Paced Breathing in Health Care Workers with Long COVID: A Case-Control Study

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Species- and concentration-dependent differences of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase sensitivity to physostigmine and neostigmine

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Ultrasound for the treatment of acute kidney injury and other inflammatory conditions: a promising path toward noninvasive neuroimmune regulation

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Ultrasound powered piezoelectric neurostimulation devices: a commentary

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Interplay Between Systemic Metabolic Cues and Autonomic Output: Connecting Cardiometabolic Function and Parasympathetic Circuits

Espinoza, L., Fedorchak, S., & Boychuk, C. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.624595 · Cited by 11

The alpha‐7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS ‐21 engages the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 incretin hormone axis to lower levels of blood glucose in db/db mice

Meng, Q., Chepurny, O. G., Leech, C. A., Pruekprasert, N., Molnar, M. E., Collier, J. J., Cooney, R. N., & Holz, G. G. (2022) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14693 · Cited by 12

Electro-microbial interplay in the gut–brain axis: An emerging paradigm for gut microbiota modulation via vagus nerve stimulation

Liang, J., Li, X., Mao, C., Qin, Z., & Wang, R. (2025) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2025.102588 · Cited by 11

Neuroimmunometabolic co-evolution in the tumor micro- and macroenvironment

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Online Bayesian optimization of vagus nerve stimulation

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Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves gastric motility and visceral hypersensitivity in rodents of functional dyspepsia by balancing duodenal immune response: an experimental study

Li, S., Zou, N., Feng, B., Rangon, C.-M., Han, J., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Wei, W., & Rong, P. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001984 · Cited by 10

Malignant tumors in vagal-innervated organs: Exploring its homeostatic role

Martinez, P., & Sabatier, J. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217539 · Cited by 12

Light‐Activated Pharmacological Tools for Exploring the Cholinergic System

Colleoni, A., Galli, G., Dallanoce, C., Amici, M. D., Gorostiza, P., & Matera, C. (2025) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.22108 · Cited by 10

Relationship of Cardiac Autonomic Modulation with Cardiovascular Parameters in Adults, According to Body Mass Index and Physical Activity

Tebar, W. R., Ritti‐Dias, R. M., Mota, J. A. P. S., Saraiva, B. T. C., Damato, T. M. D. M., Delfino, L. D., Farah, B. Q., Vanderlei, L. C. M., & Christófaro, D. G. D. (2021) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-021-10101-3 · Cited by 10

Tone it down: Vagal nerve activity is associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-viral factors in breast cancer – An exploratory study

Ricon‐Becker, I., Fogel, E., Cole, S. W., Haldar, R., Lev‐Ari, S., & Gidron, Y. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100057 · Cited by 12

Activation of vagovagal reflex prevents hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced lung injury via anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects

Deng, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, M., Shao, L., & Deng, C. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089865 · Cited by 10

Exploring the vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex for therapeutic benefit in chronic spinal cord injury

Bloom, O., Tracey, K. J., & Pavlov, V. A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001036 · Cited by 10

Deep Sequencing of Plasma Exosomal microRNA Level in Psoriasis Vulgaris Patients

Chen, X., Yao, D., Wang, M., Wu, X., Deng, J., Deng, H., Huang, R., & Lu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.895564 · Cited by 10

Development and validation of a deep learning model to diagnose COVID‐19 using time‐series heart rate values before the onset of symptoms

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Selective activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRα7) inhibits muscular degeneration in mdx dystrophic mice

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Acid-reducing vagotomy is associated with reduced risk of subsequent ischemic heart disease in complicated peptic ulcer

Wu, S., Fang, C., Chen, W. T., & Muo, C. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005651 · Cited by 10

Stress-Related Weight Gain: Mechanisms Involving Feeding Behavior, Metabolism, Gut Microbiota and Inflammation

Ilaria, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences · doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000457 · Cited by 11

Association of Vagotomy and Decreased Risk of Subsequent Ischemic Stroke in Complicated Peptic Ulcer Patients: an Asian Population Study

Fang, C., Tseng, C., Wu, S., Chen, W. T., & Muo, C. (2017) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-017-4127-z · Cited by 10

Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation initiation and development in a model of post-traumatic stress disorder

Tuchina, O. P., Sidorova, M. V., Turkin, A., Shvaiko, D. A., Shalaginova, I. G., & Vakoliuk, I. A. (2018) · Genes and Cells · doi:10.23868/201808019 · Cited by 10

A panel of miRNAs is involved in the effect of sertraline on panic disorder, as implicated by a microarray-based analysis

Min, W., Zhou, B., Huang, Y., Wang, J., Li, Z., He, Y., Zou, Z., & Sun, X. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.080 · Cited by 10

Closed-loop neuromodulation will increase the utility of mouse models in Bioelectronic Medicine

Datta-Chaudhuri, T. (2021) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-021-00071-x · Cited by 11

Microfluidic Chip with Low Constant-Current Stimulation (LCCS) Platform: Human Nucleus Pulposus Degeneration In Vitro Model for Symptomatic Intervertebral Disc

Kim, A., Kim, T., Kwon, W., Lee, K.-H., Jeong, S., Hwang, M. H., & Choi, H. (2021) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi12111291 · Cited by 10

Why, when and how to assess autonomic nervous system maturation in neonatal care units: A practical overview

Patural, H., Pichot, V., Roche, F., & Giraud, A. (2023) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102855 · Cited by 11

Autoimmune Autonomic Disorders

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Effects of Probiotics on Colitis-Induced Exacerbation of Alzheimer’s Disease in AppNL-G-F Mice

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How to properly evaluate cardiac vagal tone in oncology studies: a state-of-the-art review

Martinez, P., Grinand, M., Cheggour, S., Taieb, J., & Gourjon, G. (2024) · Journal of the National Cancer Center · doi:10.1016/j.jncc.2024.02.002 · Cited by 9

Emerging wearable technologies for multisystem monitoring and treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review

Kehnemouyi, Y. M., Coleman, T. P., & Tass, P. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2024.1354211 · Cited by 9

Laterality, sexual dimorphism, and human vagal projectome heterogeneity shape neuromodulation to vagus nerve stimulation

Biscola, N. P., Bartmeyer, P. M., Beshay, Y., Stern, E., Mihaylov, P. V., Powley, T. L., Ward, M. P., & Havton, L. A. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-07222-1 · Cited by 10

Association of dietary intake of live microbes with bowel health and depression in US adults: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2005–2010

Shi, J., Zhao, Q., Liang, Z., Cui, H., Liu, Y., Cheng, Y., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1265/ehpm.24-00202 · Cited by 9

The vagus nerve: a cornerstone for mental health and performance optimization in recreation and elite sports

Blanco, C. L., & Tyler, W. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1639866 · Cited by 15

Gateway reflexes, neuronal circuits that regulate the autoreactive T cells in organs having blood barriers

Uchida, M., Yamamoto, R., Matsuyama, S., Murakami, K., Hasebe, R., Hojyo, S., Tanaka, Y., & Murakami, M. (2021) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxab022 · Cited by 9

New trends in non-pharmacological approaches for cardiovascular disease: Therapeutic ultrasound

Liu, T., Shi, J., Fu, Y., Zhang, Y., Bai, Y., He, S., Deng, W., Jin, Q., Chen, Y., Fang, L., et al. (2022) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2022.04.005 · Cited by 9

Low-level tragus stimulation improves autoantibody-induced hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome in rabbits

Guo, Y., Li, H., Deng, J., Zhang, G., Fischer, H., Stavrakis, S., & Yu, X. (2022) · Heart Rhythm O2 · doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.12.001 · Cited by 9

Perinatal Psychoneuroimmunology: Protocols for the Study of Prenatal Stress and Its Effects on Fetal and Postnatal Brain Development

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Monocytes Inadequately Fill In for Meningeal Macrophages

Song, E., & Iwasaki, A. (2019) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2019.04.004 · Cited by 10

Higher blood pressure and lower cardiac vagal activity in obese young individuals in supine and seated position

Dias, A. R. L., de Souza, K. A., de Sousa, L. C. D. J. L., Meireles, K., Tricot, G. K., de Araújo, J. A., Cambri, L. T., & Arsa, G. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Research · doi:10.18053/jctres.03.201703.002 · Cited by 9

Uninephrectomy-Induced Lipolysis and Low-Grade Inflammation Are Mimicked by Unilateral Renal Denervation

Arsenijevic, D., Cajot, J., Fellay, B., Dulloo, A. G., Vliet, B. N. V., & Montani, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00227 · Cited by 9

Meclizine moderates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in mice through the regulation of AKT/ NF-κβ/ERK/JNK signaling pathway

Mostafa, R. E., & Asaad, G. F. (2023) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01295-3 · Cited by 8

Impact of the gut microbiota-Th17 cell axis on inflammatory depression

Jia, X., Wang, J., Ren, D., Zhang, K., Zhang, H., Jin, T., & Wu, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1509191 · Cited by 9

Obesity and the Importance of Breathing

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Esmolol upregulates the α7 nAChR/STAT3/NF-κB pathway by decreasing the ubiquitin and increasing the ChAT+CD4+ T lymphocyte to alleviate inflammation in septic cardiomyopathy

Wang, F., Xue, P., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Han, X., & Xing, J. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114043 · Cited by 8

Vagus Nerve Stimulation by Focused Ultrasound Attenuates Acute Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Predominantly Through Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway

Zhang, Q., Cai, Q., Zhong, S., Li, Q., Qiu, W., & Wu, J. (2025) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-025-07718-w · Cited by 8

Mediating role of Interleukin-6 in the predictive association of diabetes with Hippocampus atrophy, Amyloid, Tau, and Neurofilament pathology at pre-clinical stages of diabetes-related cognitive impairment

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Expression of CD44 and Its Spliced Variants: Innate and Inducible Roles in Nervous Tissue Cells and Their Environment

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The origin of autoimmune diseases: is there a role for ancestral HLA-II haplotypes in immune hyperactivity

Ruiz-Pablos, M., Paiva, B., & Zabaleta, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1710571 · Cited by 11

Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treating Emotional Dysregulation and Inflammation in Common Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Tyler, W. J. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16010008 · Cited by 9

Decreased risk of liver and intrahepatic cancer in non-H. pylori-infected perforated peptic ulcer patients with truncal vagotomy: a nationwide study

Wu, S., Cheng, H., Wang, Y., Tzeng, C., Hsu, C., & Muo, C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95142-z · Cited by 8

Die Vagusnervstimulation bei konservativ therapierefraktärer Epilepsie und Depression

Möbius, H., & Welkoborsky, H. (2022) · Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie · doi:10.1055/a-1660-5591 · Cited by 9

Alterations in the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems in Heart Failure

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A Stimulating Concept: Bioelectronic Medicine in Inflammatory Disease

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Inflammation and Autonomic Function

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Fluid supplementation accelerates epithelial repair during chemical colitis

Burgueño, J. F., Lang, J. K., Santander, A. M., Fernández, I., Fernández, E., Zaias, J., & Abreu, M. T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215387 · Cited by 8

Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis is related to relapses, autonomic dysfunctions and introversion: A quasi-experimental study

Hanken, K., Sander, C., Schlake, H.-P., Kastrup, A., Eling, P., & Hildebrandt, H. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101401 · Cited by 8

Activation of α7nAChR via vagus nerve prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance via suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammation in Kupffer cells

Deng, J., Wang, M., Guo, Y., Fischer, H., Yu, X., Kem, D. C., & Li, H. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109671 · Cited by 8

GRK5 Deficiency Causes Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer’s Disease

Suo, W. Z. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215379 · Cited by 8

Vagotomy and subsequent development of diabetes – A nested case–control study

Starup‐Linde, J., Gejl, M., Borghammer, P., Knop, F. K., Gregersen, S., Rungby, J., & Vestergaard, P. (2016) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.04.002 · Cited by 8

Recording and manipulation of vagus nerve electrical activity in chronically instrumented unanesthetized near term fetal sheep

Castel, A., Burns, P., Benito, J., Liu, H. L., Kuthiala, S., Durosier, L. D., Frank, Y., Cao, M., Paquet, M., Fecteau, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109257 · Cited by 8

Increased leukotriene B4 plasma concentration in type 2 diabetes individuals with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

Neves, J. A. J., de Matos, M. R., Ramalho, T. R. D. O., Santos‐Bezerra, D. P., Cavalcante, C. D. G. D., Peixoto, R. D., Queiroz, M. S., Jancar, S., & Corrêa‐Giannella, M. L. (2020) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00606-3 · Cited by 8

Inflammatory Cytokines Are Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction and Depressive State during Acute Bacterial Infections and the Recovery Phase

Arias-Colinas, M., Gea, A., Khattab, A., Vassallo, M., Allen, S., & Kwan, J. S. K. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241814221 · Cited by 7

Integrated Bioelectronic and Optogenetic Methods to Study Brain–Body Circuits

Zhang, Q., Wang, S. X., & Chen, R. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c07256 · Cited by 7

Remodeling of the Intracardiac Ganglia During the Development of Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics

Evans, A. J., & Li, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252212464 · Cited by 8

Randomized Cross Over Study Assessing the Efficacy of Non-invasive Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis Resistant to Biotherapies: The ESNV-SPA Study Protocol

Azabou, É., Bao, G., Costantino, F., Jacota, M., Lazizi, C., Nkam, L., Rottman, M., Roux, A., Chevallier, S., Grimaldi‐Bensouda, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.679775 · Cited by 8

Celiac vagus nerve mediates expression of the acetylcholine receptor α7nAChR on monocytes in the spleen

Zhou, M., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Chang, X., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.005 · Cited by 7

Higher Cardiovagal Baroreflex Sensitivity Predicts Increased Pain Outcomes After Cardiothoracic Surgery

Suárez-Roca, H., Mamoun, N. F., Watkins, L. L., Bortsov, A. V., & Mathew, J. P. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.08.002 · Cited by 8

M1 cholinergic signaling in the brain modulates cytokine levels and splenic cell sub-phenotypes following cecal ligation and puncture

Abraham, M. N., Nedeljkovic-Kurepa, A., Fernandes, T., Yaipen, O., Brewer, M. R., Leisman, D. E., Taylor, M. D., & Deutschman, C. S. (2024) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-024-00787-x · Cited by 7

The Current and Future Role of Drugs and Probiotics in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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A new role for the brain in metabolic control

Carvalheira, J. B. C., Odegaard, J. I., & Chawla, A. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3556 · Cited by 7

Remission of myasthenia gravis following cervical adjustment

Chu, E. C., & Bellin, D. L. (2019) · AME Case Reports · doi:10.21037/acr.2019.04.04 · Cited by 7

Unveiling the relationship between autonomic involvement, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction in early relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

Dinoto, A., Baldini, S., Morelli, M. E., Pasquin, F., Bratina, A., Bosco, A., Sartori, A., & Manganotti, P. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05487-6 · Cited by 7

Traumatic brain injury and hemorrhage in a juvenile rat model of polytrauma leads to immunosuppression and splenic alterations

Sribnick, E. A., Warner, T. D., & Hall, M. W. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577723 · Cited by 7

Progressive Additive Benefits of Prehabilitation and Subsequent Bariatric Surgery on Cardiac Autonomic Regulation as Assessed by Means of a Simple Unitary Composite Index: Preliminary Data from an Observational Study

Giovanelli, L., Palombo, C., Pina, M., Facchetti, S., Malacarne, M., Pagani, M., Nannipieri, M., Berta, R. D., & Lucini, D. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12081317 · Cited by 7

Respiratory issues in patients with multiple sclerosis as a risk factor during SARS-CoV-2 infection: a potential role for exercise

Razi, O., Teixeira, A. M., Tartibian, B., Zamani, N., & Knechtle, B. (2022) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-022-04610-1 · Cited by 8

The ghrelin agonist, HM01 activates central vagal and enteric cholinergic neurons and reverses gastric inflammatory and ileus responses in rats

Yuan, P., Wu, S. V., Wang, L., & Taché, Y. (2023) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14561 · Cited by 7

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a new option to treat inflammation in COVID-19?

Sant’Anna, F. M., Resende, R. C. D. L., Sant’Anna, L., Couceiro, S. L. M., Pinto, R. B. S., Sant’Anna, M. B., Chao, L. W., Széles, J. C., & Kaniušas, E. (2023) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20230345 · Cited by 7

Crisis in the gut: navigating gastrointestinal challenges in Gulf War Illness with bioengineering

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Physiological characteristics of patients with schizophrenia prematurely dying from circulatory diseases

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Psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunology Paradigm and Cardiovascular Diseases

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