Understanding cachexia as a cancer metabolism syndrome

Porporato, P E

doi:10.1038/oncsis.2016.3

Cited by 563Nutrition and Health in AgingMuscle Physiology and DisordersAdipose Tissue and Metabolism

Understanding cachexia as a cancer metabolism syndrome

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Porporato, P E·2016·Oncogenesis

DOI 10.1038/oncsis.2016.3PMC PMC5154342

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Abstract

Metabolic reprogramming occurs in tumors to foster cancer cell proliferation, survival and metastasis, but as well at a systemic level affecting the whole organism, eventually leading to cancer cachexia. Indeed, as cancer cells rely on external sources of nitrogen and carbon skeleton to grow, systemic metabolic deregulation promoting tissue wasting and metabolites mobilization ultimately supports tumor growth. Cachectic patients experience a wide range of symptoms affecting several organ functions such as muscle, liver, brain, immune system and heart, collectively decreasing patients’ quality of life and worsening their prognosis. Moreover, cachexia is estimated to be the direct cause of at least 20% of cancer deaths. The main aspect of cachexia syndrome is the unstoppable skeletal muscle and fat storage wasting, even with an adequate caloric intake, resulting in nutrient mobilization – both directly as lipid and amino acids and indirectly as glucose derived from the exploitation of liver gluconeogenesis – that reaches the tumor through the bloodstream. From a metabolic standpoint, cachectic host develops a wide range of dysfunctions, from increased insulin and IGF-1 resistance to induction of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and fat tissue browning resulting in an increased energy expenditure and heat generation, even at rest. For a long time, cachexia has been merely considered an epiphenomenon of end-stage tumors. However, in specific tumor types, such as pancreatic cancers, it is now clear that patients present markers of tissue wasting at a stage in which tumor is not yet clinically detectable, and that host amino acid supply is required for tumor growth. Indeed, tumor cells actively promote tissue wasting by secreting specific factors such as parathyroid hormone-related protein and micro RNAs. Understanding the molecular and metabolic mediators of cachexia will not only advance therapeutic approaches against cancer, but also improve patients’ quality of life.

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Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ drive catabolic signaling associated with cachexia.
“Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ, drive catabolic signaling associated with cachexia”
From Targeting Janus Kinases and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 To Treat Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Cancer: Rationale, Progress, and Caution (2020) · cites this paper as Porporato, 2016

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The hallmarks of cancer metabolism: still emerging
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“Transcription 3 Signaling and Its Targeting in Cachexia Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a, IL-6, and IFN-g, drive catabolic signaling associated with cachexia (Mantovani et al., 2000; Miyamoto et al., 2016; Porporato, 2016).”
Background
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Neurobiology of Cancer: The Role of β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Various Tumor Environments
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Perilipin 1 (Plin1) deficiency promotes inflammatory responses in lean adipose tissue through lipid dysregulation
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Metabolic interplays between the tumour and the host shape the tumour macroenvironment
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Spatiotemporal contact between peroxisomes and lipid droplets regulates fasting-induced lipolysis via PEX5
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Multifaceted Roles of Interleukin-6 in Adipocyte–Breast Cancer Cell Interaction
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Exosomes derived from pancreatic cancer cells induce insulin resistance in C2C12 myotube cells through the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway
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Clinical Pharmacology and Interplay of Immune Checkpoint Agents: A Yin-Yang Balance
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Characterizing Exposure–Response Relationship for Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Immuno‐Oncology and Beyond: Challenges, Perspectives, and Prospects
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Authors: Porporato, P. E.
Affiliations: UCLouvain (BE)
Corresponding author: Porporato, P E
ORCID: Porporato, P E
Venue: Oncogenesis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-02-22
Volume: 5
Issue: 2
Pages: e200-e200
ISSN: 2157-9024 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.3
PMC: PMC5154342
OpenAlex: W2279428213
Cited by: 562
References: 202
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 13
FWCI: 6.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Oncogenesis (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Fondation Louvain
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Attraction Pole (IAP) grant #UP7-03, UP7-03)
Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles (ARC 14/19–058, 14/19-058)
Servier
FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (243188)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Keywords: cancer cachexia, cancer metabolism, metabolic reprogramming, skeletal muscle atrophy, nutrient mobilization, gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance, IGF-1 resistance, mitochondrial uncoupling, brown adipose tissue browning, pancreatic cancer, parathyroid hormone-related protein, microRNA

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