CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 285Dietary Effects on HealthCircadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Meal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype

Open access
Xiao, Qian, Garaulet, Marta, Scheer, Frank A. J. L.·2019·International Journal of Obesity
DOI 10.1038/s41366-018-0284-xPMC PMC6669101
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Timing of dietary intake may play a role in obesity. However, previous studies produced mixed findings possibly due to inconsistent approaches to characterize meal timing and not taking into account chronotype and macronutrients. To address the aforementioned limitations, we have defined meal timing relative to sleep/wake timing, investigated the relationship between meal timing and body mass index (BMI) dependent on chronotype, and examined the associations.Methods BMI, chronotype, and dietary intakes were measured in 872 middle-to-older-aged adults by six 24-h dietary recalls in 1 year. We defined four time windows of intake relative to sleep timing: morning (within 2 h after getting out of bed), night (within 2 h before bedtime), and two midday periods in between (split by the midpoint of the waking period).Results A higher percent of total daily energy intake consumed during the morning window was associated with lower odds of being overweight or obese (odds ratio (95% confidence intervals), 0.53 (0.31, 0.89)). This association was stronger in people with an earlier chronotype (0.32 (0.16, 0.66)). A higher percent of total daily energy intake consumed during the night window was associated with higher odds of being overweight or obese (1.82 (1.07, 3.08)), particularly in people with a later chronotype (4.94 (1.61, 15.14)). These associations were stronger for the intakes of carbohydrates and protein than for fat intake.Conclusion Our study suggests that higher dietary consumption after waking up and lower consumption close to bedtime associate with lower BMI, but the relationship differs by chronotype. Furthermore, the data demonstrate a clear relationship between the timing of carbohydrate and protein intake and obesity. Our findings highlight the importance of considering timing of intake relative to sleep timing when studying the associations of meal timing with obesity and metabolic health.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41366-018-0284-x

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 30 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–284 of 284

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Xiao, Q., Garaulet, M., & Scheer, F. A. J. L.
Affiliations
  • University of Iowa (US)
  • Universidad de Murcia (ES)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
  • Xiao, Qian
  • Scheer, Frank A. J. L.
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Obesity
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-01-31
Volume
43
Issue
9
Pages
1701-1711
ISSN
  • 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5497
DOI
10.1038/s41366-018-0284-x
PMC
PMC6669101
OpenAlex
W2911801274
Cited by
285
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 8
FWCI
20.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL140574, R01HL118601, R01HL094806)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK099512, R01DK105072, R01DK102696)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords
meal timing, obesity, chronotype, macronutrient intake, body mass index, sleep timing, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, dietary fat intake
MeSH terms
Nutrients, Aged, Energy Intake, Circadian Rhythm, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sleep, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Meals

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review