Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat
Open accessAbstract
Background: Weight gain and obesity have reached alarming levels. Eating at a later clock hour is a newly described risk factor for adverse metabolic health; yet, how eating at a later circadian time influences body composition is unknown. Using clock hour to document eating times may be misleading owing to individual differences in circadian timing relative to clock hour.Objective: This study examined the relations between the timing of food consumption relative to clock hour and endogenous circadian time, content of food intake, and body composition.Design: We enrolled 110 participants, aged 18-22 y, in a 30-d cross-sectional study to document sleep and circadian behaviors within their regular daily routines. We used a time-stamped-picture mobile phone application to record all food intake across 7 consecutive days during a participant's regular daily routines and assessed their body composition and timing of melatonin release during an in-laboratory assessment.Results: Nonlean individuals (high body fat) consumed most of their calories 1.1 h closer to melatonin onset, which heralds the beginning of the biological night, than did lean individuals (low body fat) (log-rank P = 0.009). In contrast, there were no differences between lean and nonlean individuals in the clock hour of food consumption (P = 0.72). Multiple regression analysis showed that the timing of food intake relative to melatonin onset was significantly associated with the percentage of body fat and body mass index (both P < 0.05) while controlling for sex, whereas no relations were found between the clock hour of food intake, caloric amount, meal macronutrient composition, activity or exercise level, or sleep duration and either of these body composition measures (all P > 0.72).Conclusions: These results provide evidence that the consumption of food during the circadian evening and/or night, independent of more traditional risk factors such as amount or content of food intake and activity level, plays an important role in body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02846077.
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Meal timing may have important effects on body weight, appetite and glucose and lipid metabolism.
“Current evidence indicates that meal timing may have important effects on body weight, appetite and glucose and lipid metabolism (7 -11) .”
From Effects of consuming later evening meal<i>v</i>. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
The Discussion reports that later food intake relative to melatonin onset was associated with higher body-fat percentage, supporting the body-weight aspect of the claim. The paper does not report effects of meal timing on appetite or glucose and lipid metabolism, and it cautions that its observational findings cannot establish causality. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- McHill, A. W., Phillips, A. J., Czeisler, C. A., Keating, L., Yee, K., Barger, L. K., Garaulet, M., Scheer, F. A., & Klerman, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Universidad de Murcia (ES)
- Corresponding author
- McHill, Andrew W
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1213-1219
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5657289
- OpenAlex
- W2753319005
- Cited by
- 414
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 19.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Harvard University (T32HL007901)
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute (HDP0006, HFP-04201, HFP-02802, P01 AG009975)
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals
- MIT Media Lab
- ResMed
- Bayer HealthCare
- National Institutes of Health (HFP02802, 1UL1TR0011-02)
- Samsung
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG009975)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K24HL105664, R01HL128538, R01HL118601, R01HL114088, R00HL119618, T32HL007901)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM105018)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK099512, R01DK105072, F32DK107146)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025758)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD086392)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- late eating, fat mass, body composition, melatonin onset, obesity, weight gain, meal timing, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Body Composition, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Melatonin, Obesity, Risk Factors, Sleep, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Adiposity, Young Adult, Meals, Mobile Applications
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