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Cited by 145Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disordersNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

Chronotype differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intakes: A population-based study in adults

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Maukonen, Mirkka, Kanerva, Noora, Partonen, Timo, Kronholm, Erkki, Tapanainen, Heli, Kontto, Jukka, Männistö, Satu·2017·Obesity
DOI 10.1002/oby.21747
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Abstract

Objective: To examine the association between chronotype and timing of energy and macronutrient intakes in adults. Methods: The study sample included 1,854 participants from the National FINRISK 2007 and FINDIET 2007 studies, aged 25 to 74 years. Diet was assessed with 48‐hour dietary recalls. Chronotype was assessed with a shortened version of Horne and Östberg's Morningness–eveningness Questionnaire. Associations between chronotype and intakes of energy and macronutrients in the morning (by 10 am ) and in the evening (after 8 pm ) were analyzed with linear regression and ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: In the morning, evening types had lower energy and macronutrient intakes (except for sucrose of which they had a higher intake) than morning types ( P < 0.05), while in the evening, evening types had higher intakes of energy, sucrose, fat, and saturated fatty acids than morning types ( P < 0.05). On the weekend, chronotype differences in evening intakes of energy, sucrose, and fat intake were more pronounced, and evening types had more eating occasions and more irregular meal times than morning types. Conclusions: Postponed energy and macronutrient intake timing of evening types with unfavorable dietary patterns may put them at higher risk of obesity and metabolic disturbances in the future.

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  • Late chronotypes have a higher frequency of meals with the largest intake at 19:00 to 21:00 compared to early chronotypes, who have their calories more equally distributed over the day.

    “late chronotypes also have a higher frequency of meals with the largest intake at 19:00 to 21:00 compared to early chronotypes, who have their calories more equally distributed over the day (161).”

    From Meal timing and its role in obesity and associated diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [161]

    The Results (page unavailable) report that, on weekends, evening types had their highest energy-intake peak at 7 PM, while morning types had three peaks of approximately equal height at different times of day. This supports the broad contrast in intake timing, but the paper does not establish a higher frequency of meals with the largest intake throughout 19:00–21:00 or an equal distribution of calories across the day for morning types. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In that Finnish study, differences were more pronounced on weekends and evening types reported eating more frequently and irregularly than morning types.

    “These differences were more pronounced in the weekends and evening types reported eating more frequently and irregularly than morning types (72).”

    From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]

  • In the evening, evening types reported higher intakes of energy, sucrose, fat, and saturated fatty acids than morning types.

    “By contrast, in the evening, evening types reported higher intakes of energy, sucrose, fat, and saturated fatty acids than did morning types.”

    From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]

  • In a recent Finnish study, evening types reported lower energy and macronutrient intakes in the morning compared with morning types.

    “a recent study in Finland investigating the relation between chronotype and chrono-nutrition found that evening types reported lower energy and macronutrient intakes in the morning compared with morning types according to data collected through the use of 48-h food recalls (72).”

    From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]

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Authors
Maukonen, M., Kanerva, N., Partonen, T., Kronholm, E., Tapanainen, H., Kontto, J., & Männistö, S.
Affiliations
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
Corresponding author
Maukonen, Mirkka
ORCID
Venue
Obesity
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-02-23
Volume
25
Issue
3
Pages
608-615
ISSN
  • 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
  • 1930-739X
DOI
10.1002/oby.21747
OpenAlex
W2590669223
Cited by
145
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 2
FWCI
6.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Obesity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Academy of Finland (136895 and 263836)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
chronotype, meal timing, energy intake, macronutrient intake, sucrose intake, dietary fat intake, saturated fatty acids, obesity risk, metabolic disorders
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Energy Intake, Circadian Rhythm, Diet, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires

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